Direct measurements reveal charge-dependent spectral softenings in primary cosmic rays at a common rigidity of ~15 TV, rejecting mass-dependent softening at >99.999% confidence.
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Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.
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Transition from Diffusion to Drift-Dominated Cosmic Ray Transport and the Origin of the Knee
Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.