Statistical analysis of energy data falsifies the 1% exponential growth in the Kardashev model, shows linear extrapolation yields a 1.6E15-year Type II timescale, and introduces the KSN renormalization B(t) = P(t)/H(t) spanning 14 orders of magnitude.
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Kardashev's Conundrum: Statistical Falsification of the Standard Kardashev Model and the Kardashev--Sagan--Nakamoto Resolution
Statistical analysis of energy data falsifies the 1% exponential growth in the Kardashev model, shows linear extrapolation yields a 1.6E15-year Type II timescale, and introduces the KSN renormalization B(t) = P(t)/H(t) spanning 14 orders of magnitude.