Coupled cosmological and cluster simulations show isolated binary evolution cannot produce GW231123-like mergers at the observed redshift, while hierarchical mergers in globular clusters can, yielding a local rate of 0.78 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} peaking at z=4-6.
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Slowly rotating 80-85 solar mass Pop III stars form black holes of similar mass with dimensionless spins up to 0.7, just below the pair-instability gap.
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Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?
Coupled cosmological and cluster simulations show isolated binary evolution cannot produce GW231123-like mergers at the observed redshift, while hierarchical mergers in globular clusters can, yielding a local rate of 0.78 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} peaking at z=4-6.
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Fast-spinning massive black holes from slowly rotating low-metallicity stars: implications for GW231123
Slowly rotating 80-85 solar mass Pop III stars form black holes of similar mass with dimensionless spins up to 0.7, just below the pair-instability gap.