Models BBH spin-orbit alignment as random walk on sphere, deriving exact distribution after n encounters and showing alignment survives several strong encounters before isotropy.
Flipping spins in mass transferring binaries and origin of spin-orbit misalignment in binary black holes
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Simulations with a new tidal model in COMPAS predict that merging binary black holes from isolated evolution are strongly biased to low effective spins, with one third below 0.05 and only 3% above 0.5, but the high-spin fraction rises to 15% at higher redshifts.
citing papers explorer
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Getting Tilted: Random Walk of Binary Black Hole Spin-Orbit Alignment in Dense Star Clusters
Models BBH spin-orbit alignment as random walk on sphere, deriving exact distribution after n encounters and showing alignment survives several strong encounters before isotropy.
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Modern tidal interaction models for rapid binary population synthesis: II. Binary black hole formation, mergers, and spins
Simulations with a new tidal model in COMPAS predict that merging binary black holes from isolated evolution are strongly biased to low effective spins, with one third below 0.05 and only 3% above 0.5, but the high-spin fraction rises to 15% at higher redshifts.