Onsager's variational principle yields thermodynamically consistent diffuse-domain models for interfacial hydrodynamics, deformable vesicles with surface viscosity, and active shells by embedding sharp-surface functionals via a diffuse delta density.
Helfrich, Elastic properties of lipid bilayers: Theory and possible experiments, Zeitschrift f¨ ur Naturforschung C28, 693 (1973)
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Onsager-variational formulation of diffuse-domain methods for computational modeling of microscale fluid-structure interactions
Onsager's variational principle yields thermodynamically consistent diffuse-domain models for interfacial hydrodynamics, deformable vesicles with surface viscosity, and active shells by embedding sharp-surface functionals via a diffuse delta density.