A binomial multibit watermarking scheme encodes every payload bit at each LLM token with dynamic redirection, outperforming baselines in accuracy and robustness for large payloads.
A watermark for large language models
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Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.
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Every Bit, Everywhere, All at Once: A Binomial Multibit LLM Watermark
A binomial multibit watermarking scheme encodes every payload bit at each LLM token with dynamic redirection, outperforming baselines in accuracy and robustness for large payloads.
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Fundamental Trade-Offs in Multi-Bit Watermarking of Stochastic Processes
Derives matched converse and achievability bounds that characterize optimal trade-offs among false-alarm probability, detection error probability, distortion, and information rate for multi-bit watermarking of stationary ergodic stochastic processes.