The Bullet Cluster exhibits a residual missing mass in MOND that is collisionless and galaxy-centered, matching other clusters of similar mass.
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Gravitational lensing is recast as an optical phenomenon governed by effective refractive index, yielding closed-form deflection angles and Einstein radii for modified gravity models including deep-MOND, Yukawa, and power-law f(R).
citing papers explorer
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On the residual missing mass of the Bullet Cluster
The Bullet Cluster exhibits a residual missing mass in MOND that is collisionless and galaxy-centered, matching other clusters of similar mass.
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Gravitational Lensing as an Optical Framework for Modified Gravity Theories
Gravitational lensing is recast as an optical phenomenon governed by effective refractive index, yielding closed-form deflection angles and Einstein radii for modified gravity models including deep-MOND, Yukawa, and power-law f(R).