Giant planet formation traps dust in pressure bumps and planetesimal formation converts dust to larger bodies, making evolved disk masses appear low as a natural outcome of these processes, with models matching observations best for initial disk masses of 4-7% solar mass.
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The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.
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The formation of planetary systems: physics, populations, and architectures
The Bern Model has incorporated MHD disk evolution, pebble accretion, and improved interiors, yielding quantitative matches to exoplanet mass functions, radius distributions, and system architectures.