The paper classifies undergraduate LLM reliance into four types and shows that AI literacy predicts type while value beliefs predict intensity, with implications for outcome measurement.
K., & Kendeou, P
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The Reliance Negotiation Framework models student LLM reliance in writing as recursive negotiation among perceived benefits, risks, ethical commitments, and situational demands, including a separate non-negotiation path for strong ethical commitments.
The authors introduce a five-stage AI Literacy Continuum as a diagnostic and instructional tool aligned with UNESCO and OECD frameworks, supported by observational data from over 330 participants in university courses and workshops.
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Four Types of LLM Reliance and Their Predictors Among Undergraduate Writers: A Mixed-Methods Study at a Minority-Serving R1 University
The paper classifies undergraduate LLM reliance into four types and shows that AI literacy predicts type while value beliefs predict intensity, with implications for outcome measurement.
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The Reliance Negotiation Framework: A Dynamic Process Model of Student LLM Engagement in Academic Writing
The Reliance Negotiation Framework models student LLM reliance in writing as recursive negotiation among perceived benefits, risks, ethical commitments, and situational demands, including a separate non-negotiation path for strong ethical commitments.
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Beyond Tool Adoption: A Practical Five-Stage Developmental Continuum for AI Literacy in Higher Education
The authors introduce a five-stage AI Literacy Continuum as a diagnostic and instructional tool aligned with UNESCO and OECD frameworks, supported by observational data from over 330 participants in university courses and workshops.