Response-time linear probing on first generated tokens detects prefilling attacks missed by prompt-time activation defenses, achieving 0/40 attack success and 0% false positives across seven models while composing orthogonally with AlphaSteer.
ARGUS: Defending against multimodal indirect prompt injection via steering instruction-following behavior.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.05745,
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Closing the Activation-Cone Blind Spot: Response-Time Probing and Unified Defense
Response-time linear probing on first generated tokens detects prefilling attacks missed by prompt-time activation defenses, achieving 0/40 attack success and 0% false positives across seven models while composing orthogonally with AlphaSteer.