Contagion flag #8 · 2026-07-08 21:54:43.401739+00:00
Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task
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cites X., Wei, Z., & Wen, J.-R, which carries a retraction notice . One-hop deterministic flag: the citation edge exists in the Pith bibliography graph; no model judged whether the citation was load-bearing.
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01Evidence
Raw extraction · citation context · bibliography index 20
creative skills. Similarly, students with lower confidence in their writing skills, lower 'self-efficacy for writing' (SEWS), tended to use ChatGPT more extensively, while higher-efficacy students were more selective in AI reliance [19]. We refer the reader to the meta-analysis [20] on the effect of ChatGPT on students' learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking. Web search and learning According to Turner and Rainie [21], '81 percent of Americans rely on information from the Internet 'a lot' when making important decisions,' many of
02Event
- Type
- Retraction
- Source
- Retraction Watch
- Original DOI
- 10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y
- Notice DOI
- 10.1057/s41599-026-07310-z
- Date
- —
- Title
- The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis
- Reasons
- ['Concerns/Issues about Article', 'Investigation by Journal/Publisher', 'Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions']
- Work
- X., Wei, Z., & Wen, J.-R (2025)
03Dispute this flag
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