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arxiv: 1502.02650 · v2 · submitted 2015-02-09 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

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The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies

MAGIC Collaboration: J. Aleksi\'c (1) , S. Ansoldi (2) , L. A. Antonelli (3) , P. Antoranz (4) , A. Babic (5) , P. Bangale (6) , U. Barres de Almeida (6) , J. A. Barrio (7)
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J. Becerra Gonz\'alez (8) W. Bednarek (9) K. Berger (8) E. Bernardini (10) A. Biland (11) O. Blanch (1) R. K. Bock (6) S. Bonnefoy (7) G. Bonnoli (3) F. Borracci (6) T. Bretz (12 25) E. Carmona (13) A. Carosi (3) D. Carreto Fidalgo (12) P. Colin (6) E. Colombo (8) J. L. Contreras (7) J. Cortina (1) S. Covino (3) P. Da Vela (4) F. Dazzi (2) A. De Angelis (2) G. De Caneva (10) B. De Lotto (2) C. Delgado Mendez (13) M. Doert (14) A. Dom\'inguez (15 26) D. Dominis Prester (5) D. Dorner (12) M. Doro (16) S. Einecke (14) D. Eisenacher (12) D. Elsaesser (12) E. Farina (17) D. Ferenc (5) M. V. Fonseca (7) L. Font (18) K. Frantzen (14) C. Fruck (6) R. J. Garc\'ia L\'opez (8) M. Garczarczyk (10) D. Garrido Terrats (18) M. Gaug (18) G. Giavitto (1) N. Godinovi\'c (5) A. Gonz\'alez Mu\ noz (1) S. R. Gozzini (10) A. Hadamek (14) D. Hadasch (19) A. Herrero (8) D. Hildebrand (11) J. Hose (6) D. Hrupec (5) W. Idec (9) V. Kadenius (20) H. Kellermann (6) M. L. Knoetig (11) J. Krause (6) J. 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Energy BG-1784 Sofia Bulgaria (23) Universitat de Barcelona (ICC/IEEC) E-08028 Barcelona (24) Universit\`a di Pisa I-56126 Pisa (25) now at Ecole polytechnique f\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne (26) now at Department of Physics \& Astronomy UC Riverside CA 92521 USA (27) now at Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA) Turku (28) also at INAF-Trieste (29) also at Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC E-28049 Madrid (30) now at Stockholm University Fysikum Oskar Klein Centre AlbaNova SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden (31) now at GRAPPA Institute University of Amsterdam 1098XH Amsterdam Netherlands (32) now at Stockholm University Department of Astronomy (33) Physics Department McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2T8 Canada (34) DESY Platanenallee 6 15738 Zeuthen (35) Department of Physics Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 (36) Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Amado AZ 85645 (37) School of Physics University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland (38) Institute of Physics University of Potsdam 14476 Potsdam-Golm (39) Astronomy Department Adler Planetarium Astronomy Museum Chicago IL 60605 (40) Department of Physics Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 (41) School of Physics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 (42) Department of Physics Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 (43) Department of Astronomy Astrophysics 525 Davey Lab Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 (44) Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics University of California Santa Cruz CA 95064 (45) Department of Physics University of Iowa Van Allen Hall Iowa City IA 52242 (46) Department of Physics the Bartol Research Institute University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 (47) Physics Department Columbia University New York NY 10027 (48) Department of Physics DePauw University Greencastle IN 46135-0037 (49) Department of Physics University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 (50) School of Physics National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway (51) Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago IL 60637 (52) School of Physics Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Georgia Institute of Technology 837 State Street NW Atlanta GA 30332-0430 (53) Department of Life Physical Sciences Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology Dublin Road (54) Department of Physics Barnard College (55) Department of Physics Los Angeles CA 90095 (56) Instituto de Astronomia y Fisica del Espacio Casilla de Correo 67 - Sucursal 28 (C1428ZAA) Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires Argentina (57) Department of Applied Physics Instrumentation Cork Institute of Technology Bishopstown Cork (58) Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. 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keywords x-rayduringactivitycampaigncorrelationnon-flaringvariabilitybehavior
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We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign (from radio to VHE gamma rays) on Mrk421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.

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