Class-A mode-locked lasers: fundamental solutions

We consider a delay differential equation (DDE) model for mode-locked operation in class-A semiconductor lasers containing both gain and absorber sections. The material processes are adiabatically eliminated as these are considered fast in comparison to the delay time for a long cavity device. We determine the steady states and analyze their bifurcations using DDE-BIFTOOL [K. Engelborghs, T. Luzyanina, and D. Roose, ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 28, 1 (2002)]. Multiple forms of coexistence, transformation and hysteretic behavior of stable steady states and fundamental periodic regimes are discussed in bifurcation diagrams.