Nanoconfined, dynamic electrolyte gating and memory effects in multilayered graphene-based membranes

Multilayered graphene-based nanoporous membranes with electrolyte incorporated between individual sheets is a unique nano-heterostructure system in which nanoconfined electrons in graphene and ions confined in between sheets are intimately coupled throughout the entire membrane. In contrast to the general notion that the electrolyte gating is unlikely to appear in multilayered graphene stacks, it is demonstrated in this work that the electrolyte gating effect in monolayer graphene can be transferred to its corresponding multilayered porous membranes. This gating effect presented on each individual graphene sheets through electrolyte confined in nanopores provides a real-time, electrical approach for probing the complex dynamics of nanoconfined electrical double layer. This has enabled the observation of the ionic memory effect in supercapacitors and produces new insights into the charging dynamics of supercapacitors. Such discoveries may stimulate the design of novel nanoionic devices.