From Stellar Death to Cosmic Revelations: Zooming in on Compact Objects, Relativistic Outflows and Supernova Remnants with AXIS

Compact objects and supernova remnants provide nearby laboratories to probe the fate of stars after they die, and the way they impact, and are impacted by, their surrounding medium. The past five decades have significantly advanced our understanding of these objects, and showed that they are most relevant to our understanding of some of the most mysterious energetic events in the distant Universe, including Fast Radio Bursts and Gravitational Wave sources. However, many questions remain to be answered. These include: What powers the diversity of explosive phenomena across the electromagnetic spectrum? What are the mass and spin distributions of neutron stars and stellar mass black holes? How do interacting compact binaries with white dwarfs - the electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave LISA sources - form and behave? Which objects inhabit the faint end of the X-ray luminosity function? How do relativistic winds impact their surroundings? What do neutron star kicks reveal about fundamental physics and supernova explosions? How do supernova remnant shocks impact cosmic magnetism? This plethora of questions will be addressed with AXIS - the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite - a NASA Probe Mission Concept designed to be the premier high-angular resolution X-ray mission for the next decade. AXIS, thanks to its combined (a) unprecedented imaging resolution over its full field of view, (b) unprecedented sensitivity to faint objects due to its large effective area and low background, and (c) rapid response capability, will provide a giant leap in discovering and identifying populations of compact objects (isolated and binaries), particularly in crowded regions such as globular clusters and the Galactic Center, while addressing science questions and priorities of the US Decadal Survey for Astronomy and Astrophysics (Astro2020).