Inference in partially identified moment models via regularized optimal transport

Many statistical and econometric problems involve parameters defined by moments of a joint distribution when only marginal distributions are observed, leading naturally to partial identification. We develop a methodology for identification, estimation, and inference in the corresponding partially identified GMM model. We characterize the sharp identified set for the parameter of interest via a support-function/optimal-transport (OT) representation. To estimate the identified set, we employ entropic regularization, which yields a smooth approximation to the classical OT problem that can be computed efficiently using the Sinkhorn algorithm. We also propose a test statistic for hypothesis testing and the construction of confidence regions for the identified set. To derive its asymptotic distribution, we establish a novel central limit theorem for the entropic OT value under general smooth cost functions. We then obtain valid critical values using the bootstrap for directionally differentiable functionals of Fang and Santos (2019). The resulting testing procedure controls size locally uniformly, including at parameter values on the boundary of the identified set. We demonstrate good finite-sample performance of our methodology in Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, as an empirical illustration, we estimate a panel logit model of self-reported happiness with attrition and refreshment, using data from the Understanding America Study.