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arxiv: 2605.00477 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-01 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mes-hall· cond-mat.str-el

Signatures of time-reversal-symmetry breaking in multiband 2H-TaS2 revealed by zero-field Josephson nonreciprocity

Daniel Margineda , David Caldevilla-Asenjo , Yuriy Yerin , Covadonga \'Alvarez-Garc\'ia , Andrei Mazanik , Maxim Ilyn , Celia Rogero , Luis E. Hueso
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F. Sebastian Bergeret Marco Gobbi
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-09 18:53 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.str-el
keywords time-reversal symmetry breakingJosephson diode effect2H-TaS2multiband superconductivityvan der Waals junctionsnonlinear Hall transportzero-field rectificationinterband scattering
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The pith

Zero-field Josephson nonreciprocity in 2H-TaS2 junctions signals intrinsic time-reversal symmetry breaking from its multiband superconducting phase.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper aims to show that time-reversal symmetry can break spontaneously in a nominally isotropic spin-singlet multiband superconductor, using 2H-TaS2 as the test case. It demonstrates a Josephson diode effect that rectifies current at zero magnetic field in van der Waals junctions with 2H-NbSe2. The diode efficiency lacks correlation with supercurrent amplitude, layer thickness, or resistance, and symmetry-controlled plus intercalated devices suppress the effect, ruling out extrinsic causes. A model attributes the rectification to interband scattering that locks phases and creates an anomalous phase shift plus nonsinusoidal current-phase relation. Nonlinear Hall measurements in the normal state independently support the multiband correlated state. If valid, this means TRS breaking need not require exotic pairing mechanisms.

Core claim

We report a zero-field Josephson diode effect in noncentrosymmetric 2H-TaS2/2H-NbSe2 van der Waals junctions. The diode efficiency shows no systematic correlation with supercurrent amplitude, TaS2 thickness, or normal-state resistance, arguing against simple extrinsic, purely interfacial, or transparency-driven mechanisms. Time-reversal-symmetric scenarios are further tested using symmetry-controlled and molecule-intercalated control devices, in which the nonreciprocal response is absent or strongly reduced. Normal-state Hall transport in TaS2 exhibits a nonlinear response consistent with multiband correlated electronic states. Within a Josephson framework, our modelling shows that interband

What carries the argument

Interband scattering acting as a phase-locking mechanism that generates an intrinsic anomalous phase difference and nonsinusoidal asymmetric current-phase relation in the Josephson junction.

If this is right

  • Multiband spin-singlet superconductors can exhibit intrinsic time-reversal symmetry breaking without external fields or unconventional pairing.
  • Zero-field Josephson nonreciprocity serves as a direct probe of multiband phase structure in layered materials.
  • Nonlinear Hall transport provides independent evidence for the correlated multiband electronic states that enable the symmetry breaking.
  • Symmetry-controlled and intercalated control devices isolate intrinsic effects from device-specific asymmetries.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar zero-field nonreciprocity may occur in other multiband transition-metal dichalcogenide superconductors where interband scattering is strong.
  • Tuning interband coupling via thickness or intercalation could provide a route to control diode efficiency in future superconducting devices.
  • Junctions with rotated crystal axes or different superconducting partners could test whether the anomalous phase difference depends on the specific band structure of TaS2.

Load-bearing premise

The observed nonreciprocity arises intrinsically from interband scattering and phase locking rather than from any residual extrinsic asymmetry or fitting choices in the Josephson model.

What would settle it

Observation of zero-field rectification that persists even after complete suppression of interband scattering or that appears in a known single-band spin-singlet superconductor without TRS breaking would falsify the intrinsic origin.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.00477 by Andrei Mazanik, Celia Rogero, Covadonga \'Alvarez-Garc\'ia, Daniel Margineda, David Caldevilla-Asenjo, F. Sebastian Bergeret, Luis E. Hueso, Marco Gobbi, Maxim Ilyn, Yuriy Yerin.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Zero-field Josephson diode effect in van der Waals heterojunction. a, Schematic of the Josephson junction under study, consisting of 2H-TaS2 and 2H-NbSe2 superconducting electrodes with the van der Waals gap operating as a weak link. b, Optical micrograph of the Josephson junction. Bottom Au contacts allow the characterization of the interface. c, Current-voltage characteristics for representative temperat… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Zero-field Josephson diode reproducibility. Nonreciprocal transport for sample 2 (a,) and sample 3 b, measured at T = 100 mK. c,d Switching current statistics for sample 2 and sample 3 respectively. e, Control experiment in inversion-symmetric NbSe2-NbSe2 junctions. f, IV characteristics of the control sample showing no finite η within experimental resolution. g, Temperature dependence of the positive and … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Zero-field superconducting diode in molecule-TaS2 Josephson junction. a, Schematic of the hybrid Josephson junction consisting in TMA-intercalated TaS2 and NbSe2 top electrode. Optical micrograph of the vdW Josephson junction before b, and after c, molecular intercalation. Color contrast is highly sensitive to thickness change upon intercalation from dp=0.6 nm to dint ≃ 1.0 nm. d, Temperature dependence of… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Origin of the field-free Josephson diode. a, Josephson diode efficiency as a function of TaS2 thickness t. b, η versus normal-state resistance RN for pristine (red) and TMA-intercalated (blue) heterojunctions. The absence of any correlation with t and RN for pristine TaS2 and the systematic suppression of η upon intercalation (dashed lines link connect the same devices), rules out interfacial, strain-drive… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Superconductors that spontaneously break time-reversal symmetry host complex order parameters and are widely regarded as a hallmark of unconventional superconductivity. Whether such symmetry breaking can also arise in superconductors with nominally isotropic spin-singlet pairing remains an open question. Here we report a zero-field Josephson diode effect in noncentrosymmetric 2H-TaS2/2H-NbSe2 van der Waals junctions. The diode efficiency shows no systematic correlation with supercurrent amplitude, TaS2 thickness, or normal-state resistance, arguing against simple extrinsic, purely interfacial, or transparency-driven mechanisms. Time-reversal-symmetric scenarios are further tested using symmetry-controlled and molecule-intercalated control devices, in which the nonreciprocal response is absent or strongly reduced. Normal-state Hall transport in TaS2 exhibits a nonlinear response consistent with multiband correlated electronic states. Within a Josephson framework, our modelling shows that interband scattering acts as a phase-locking mechanism generating an intrinsic anomalous phase difference and a nonsinusoidal asymmetric current-phase relation, leading to finite zero-field rectification. Together, zero-field Josephson nonreciprocity and nonlinear Hall transport provide complementary evidence for a multiband superconducting phase structure in 2H-TaS2, consistent with intrinsic time-reversal-symmetry breaking.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports observation of a zero-field Josephson diode effect in 2H-TaS2/2H-NbSe2 van der Waals junctions. Diode efficiency shows no systematic correlation with supercurrent amplitude, TaS2 thickness or normal-state resistance. Nonreciprocity is absent or reduced in symmetry-controlled and intercalated control devices. Normal-state nonlinear Hall transport in TaS2 is consistent with multiband correlated states. Josephson modeling indicates that interband scattering generates an intrinsic anomalous phase difference and nonsinusoidal asymmetric current-phase relation, producing finite zero-field rectification. The authors conclude that zero-field nonreciprocity and nonlinear Hall provide complementary evidence for a multiband superconducting phase structure in 2H-TaS2 consistent with intrinsic time-reversal symmetry breaking.

Significance. If the central claim holds, the result is significant as it supplies evidence for spontaneous TRS breaking in a nominally isotropic spin-singlet multiband superconductor, an open question in the field. The Josephson nonreciprocity serves as a new probe complementary to Hall transport, and the control experiments plus lack of correlation with extrinsic variables strengthen the intrinsic interpretation. The interband-scattering model, if shown to be predictive rather than fitted, would be a notable technical contribution.

major comments (2)
  1. [Modeling section] Modeling section (or equivalent): the abstract states that 'our modelling shows that interband scattering acts as a phase-locking mechanism generating an intrinsic anomalous phase difference' leading to rectification, yet no explicit equations, Hamiltonian, or derivation of the current-phase relation from the interband scattering strength are provided. It is therefore impossible to verify whether the predicted zero-field diode efficiency is an independent output of the model or is tuned to the data. Please supply the key equations and demonstrate parameter independence.
  2. [Results section on diode efficiency] Results section on diode efficiency and controls: the central claim that diode efficiency is uncorrelated with supercurrent amplitude, thickness, and resistance (and suppressed in controls) is used to rule out extrinsic mechanisms. Without quantitative correlation plots, statistical measures (e.g., Pearson coefficients or p-values), or error bars on the efficiency values, the strength of this exclusion remains unclear. Specify the relevant figure or table and add the quantitative analysis.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrasing 'noncentrosymmetric 2H-TaS2' is potentially misleading because bulk 2H-TaS2 crystallizes in a centrosymmetric space group; clarify whether the noncentrosymmetry refers to the heterostructure, a thin-film reconstruction, or a specific stacking configuration.
  2. [Figures and methods] Figure captions and methods: ensure all Josephson I-V traces and Hall data include raw traces or representative datasets with error bars, and that the normal-state resistance and thickness values used in the correlation analysis are tabulated.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments, which have helped us clarify the presentation of our results. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested details.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Modeling section] Modeling section (or equivalent): the abstract states that 'our modelling shows that interband scattering acts as a phase-locking mechanism generating an intrinsic anomalous phase difference' leading to rectification, yet no explicit equations, Hamiltonian, or derivation of the current-phase relation from the interband scattering strength are provided. It is therefore impossible to verify whether the predicted zero-field diode efficiency is an independent output of the model or is tuned to the data. Please supply the key equations and demonstrate parameter independence.

    Authors: We agree that the modeling section in the original submission did not include sufficient explicit derivations to allow independent verification. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated subsection that presents the microscopic Hamiltonian incorporating interband scattering, the self-consistent solution for the anomalous phase difference, and the resulting nonsinusoidal current-phase relation. The diode efficiency is shown to emerge directly from the phase-locking condition for a broad range of interband scattering strengths; we explicitly demonstrate that the zero-field rectification remains finite and of comparable magnitude across this parameter space without any adjustment to match the experimental data points. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results section on diode efficiency] Results section on diode efficiency and controls: the central claim that diode efficiency is uncorrelated with supercurrent amplitude, thickness, and resistance (and suppressed in controls) is used to rule out extrinsic mechanisms. Without quantitative correlation plots, statistical measures (e.g., Pearson coefficients or p-values), or error bars on the efficiency values, the strength of this exclusion remains unclear. Specify the relevant figure or table and add the quantitative analysis.

    Authors: We accept that quantitative statistical support strengthens the exclusion of extrinsic mechanisms. In the revised manuscript we have added a new panel (and accompanying table) that plots diode efficiency against supercurrent amplitude, TaS2 thickness, and normal-state resistance for all measured devices, together with Pearson correlation coefficients and p-values. Error bars derived from repeated measurements on the same junctions are now shown on the efficiency values. The updated analysis confirms the absence of statistically significant correlations, consistent with the intrinsic interpretation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation remains self-contained

full rationale

The paper's central chain proceeds from experimental observations of zero-field Josephson nonreciprocity (with controls ruling out extrinsic asymmetries via absent correlations and reduced signals in intercalated/symmetry-controlled devices) to a separate modeling step that invokes interband scattering as a phase-locking mechanism to produce an anomalous phase difference and asymmetric CPR. No equations, parameter fits, or self-citations are quoted that reduce the rectification output to a direct renaming or tuning of the input data. The nonlinear Hall transport is presented as independent corroboration. Absent explicit reduction (e.g., fitted parameter renamed as prediction or ansatz smuggled via self-citation), the derivation does not collapse by construction and scores as non-circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Only the abstract is available, so the ledger is necessarily incomplete; the central claim rests on an unshown Josephson model whose parameters and assumptions cannot be audited.

free parameters (1)
  • interband scattering strength
    Invoked in the modeling to produce the phase-locking and anomalous phase difference; value not stated.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard Josephson junction theory applies to the van der Waals interface
    Used to interpret the current-phase relation without additional interface-specific terms.

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Reference graph

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