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arxiv: 2605.03508 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-05 · 🌌 astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.SR

The ESO SupJup Survey. X. A carbon isotope contrast in the young ROXs 12 system

N. Grasser , I. A. G. Snellen , S. de Regt , D. Gonz\'alez Picos , Y. Zhang , T. Stolker , S. Gandhi , R. Landman
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P. Molli\`ere N. F. Allard
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 13:12 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR
keywords 12CO/13CO ratioatmospheric retrievalROXs 12substellar companionsformation pathwayshigh-resolution spectroscopyCRIRES+
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The pith

ROXs 12A and ROXs 12B show different 12CO/13CO ratios of 77 and 55

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures atmospheric compositions and carbon isotope ratios for both the M0 host star and L0 companion in the young ROXs 12 system as part of the ESO SupJup Survey. High-resolution K-band spectra are analyzed with retrieval modeling to detect H2O, 12CO, 13CO, and HF in both objects, plus a tentative H2^18O signal in the companion. The derived 12CO/13CO ratio is 77+10-7 for the star and 55+10-7 for the companion, a measurable though not strongly significant contrast, while the companion yields a C/O ratio of 0.54. This paired characterization of star and companion provides a direct test of whether isotopic ratios can trace formation pathways for massive wide-orbit objects.

Core claim

Atmospheric retrievals applied to CRIRES+ K-band spectra of the ROXs 12 system return 12CO/13CO ratios of 77+10-7 for the M0 host ROXs 12A and 55+10-7 for the L0 companion ROXs 12B, together with a C/O ratio of 0.54 for the companion and moderate K-band veiling of 0.17 in the host.

What carries the argument

Atmospheric retrieval framework that generates model spectra with petitRADTRANS from FastChem equilibrium chemistry tables and fits them to high-resolution data via PyMultiNest nested sampling to extract molecular abundances and isotope ratios.

Load-bearing premise

The atmospheric retrieval assumes equilibrium chemistry tables and line lists fully capture the true structure and opacities at the observed resolution and signal-to-noise.

What would settle it

New higher signal-to-noise spectra that either confirm a clear difference in 12CO/13CO between the two objects or show the ratios to be statistically identical.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.03508 by D. Gonz\'alez Picos, I. A. G. Snellen, N. F. Allard, N. Grasser, P. Molli\`ere, R. Landman, S. de Regt, S. Gandhi, T. Stolker, Y. Zhang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Calibrated observational data of order 5, detector 1, nod￾ding position A. The x-axis on the left panels shows the wave￾length in nanometers, while the separation from the star in arc￾seconds is shown on the y-axis. The bright signal in the center is the star ROXs 12A. Its companion ROXs 12B is seen as the faint source at -1.7 arcsec. The integrated flux as a function of the separation is shown in the righ… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Posterior distributions of log g, [Fe/H], 12CO/ 13CO, and H 16 2 O/H 18 2 O ratio for ROXs 12A (yellow) and B (blue). To account for correlated noise, we use the methodology de￾scribed in de Regt et al. (2024), based on Kawahara et al. (2022), in which the off-diagonal elements of the covariance matrix are determined through Gaussian processes (GP). For this, we intro￾duce two additional free parameters to… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Best-fit models to ROXs 12A (top) and B (middle), with the residuals (bottom; data minus model), within a CO-dominated spectral order. 0 2000 4000 6000 Temperature [K] 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 Pressure [bar] Emission ROXs 12A SPHINX model Teff = 4000K log g = 4.25 [Fe/H] = 0.0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Temperature [K] Emission ROXs 12B Sonora Bobcat Teff = 2200K log g = 4.0 [Fe/H] = -0.5 view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Retrieved P–T profiles for ROXs 12A (left) and B (right). We compare ROXs 12A to a SPHINX model pro￾file with Teff = 4000 K, log g = 4.25, [Fe/H] = 0.0, and C/O = 0.5 (Iyer et al. 2023), and ROXs 12B to a Sonora Bobcat model with Teff = 2200 K, log g = 4.0, [Fe/H] = -0.5, and solar C/O (Marley et al. 2021). eracies, it remains unclear whether these low values reflect true atmospheric composition. Interesti… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Top panel: Comparison of the best-fit model to ROXs 12A with (yellow) and without (magenta) veiling. Bottom panel: Veiling coefficient rk of ROXs 12A and its 1-σ uncertainty range throughout the observed wavelength range. rium. We also retrieved OH and CN, as well as several atomic species, namely Na, Ti, Fe, Ca, Si, and Sc. Despite our efforts to identify as many species as possible in the spectrum of ROX… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Emerging research suggests that elemental and isotopic ratios of exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres may serve as potential tracers of their formation pathways. The ESO SupJup Survey aims to shed light on this hypothesis, with a focus on the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio, by investigating the atmospheric composition of substellar companions and isolated brown dwarfs. In this work, we aim to characterize the atmospheres and determine the ratios of $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO of the Rho Ophiuchus X-ray source (ROXs) 12 system ($\sim$6Myrs), consisting of an M0 host with an L0 companion, as part of the ESO SupJup survey. Using high-resolution CRIRES+ K band spectra of these objects, we perform atmospheric retrieval analyses to derive their atmospheric properties, including the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio. Our retrieval framework is built on the radiative transfer code petitRADTRANS, with which we generate model spectra based on equilibrium chemistry tables computed with FastChem, coupled with the nested sampling algorithm PyMultiNest. We report the presence of H$_2$O, $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, and HF in both the star and companion, with a tentative detection of H$_2^{18}$O in ROXs 12B. The $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratios of the two objects show a measurable, though not strongly significant, difference, namely $77\substack{+10 \\ -7}$ and $55\substack{+10 \\ -7}$ for ROXs 12A and B. We measure a C/O ratio of 0.54$\pm$0.01, while the C/O ratio of the star is not reliably constrained due to the absence of atomic oxygen lines in the K band. Furthermore, we retrieve moderate veiling in the host star of $r_k$=$0.17\substack{+0.02 \\ -0.03}$. Systems such as ROXs 12, in which both star and planet can be chemically and isotopically characterized, are crucial for constraining potential formation mechanisms of massive, wide-orbit super-Jupiters.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports high-resolution CRIRES+ K-band spectroscopy and atmospheric retrievals for the young ROXs 12 system (M0 primary ROXs 12A and L0 companion ROXs 12B). Using petitRADTRANS with FastChem equilibrium chemistry tables and PyMultiNest nested sampling, the authors detect H2O, 12CO, 13CO and HF in both objects (tentative H2^18O in B), retrieve 12CO/13CO ratios of 77+10-7 (A) and 55+10-7 (B), a C/O ratio of 0.54±0.01 for B, and moderate veiling rk=0.17+0.02-0.03 for A. They frame the marginal isotope contrast as a potential tracer of formation pathways within the ESO SupJup Survey.

Significance. If the reported 12CO/13CO contrast proves robust, the result supplies a valuable benchmark for the SupJup Survey: a young, wide-orbit system in which both the star and substellar companion have been isotopically and chemically characterized at high spectral resolution. The concrete posterior medians and uncertainties on the isotope ratios, together with the veiling measurement, add directly to the small but growing sample of directly imaged companions with quantitative atmospheric constraints.

major comments (2)
  1. [Retrieval framework] The headline claim of a measurable 12CO/13CO contrast (77+10-7 vs 55+10-7) depends on the retrieval posteriors. No injection-recovery tests are described that inject synthetic spectra with known isotope ratios into the observed CRIRES+ noise, resolution, and veiling conditions and recover the input values. Without such tests, it is unclear whether the marginal separation between the two objects could be produced by unaccounted opacity sources or departures from equilibrium chemistry at K-band wavelengths (see retrieval framework description).
  2. [Results] The two reported ratios overlap within their 1σ uncertainties and the text itself describes the difference as 'not strongly significant'. A quantitative statement (e.g., the fraction of joint posterior samples in which the ratio of ROXs 12A exceeds that of ROXs 12B) would clarify whether the contrast is statistically supported or merely consistent with the data.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The substack notation for asymmetric uncertainties (e.g., 77+10-7) is functional but non-standard; conversion to conventional 77^{+10}_{-7} would improve readability across journal formats.
  2. [Results] The C/O ratio for ROXs 12A is stated to be unconstrained because atomic oxygen lines are absent in the K band; a brief discussion of how this affects direct star-companion comparison would be useful.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and positive review of our manuscript on the atmospheric characterization of the ROXs 12 system. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the suggested improvements where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Retrieval framework] The headline claim of a measurable 12CO/13CO contrast (77+10-7 vs 55+10-7) depends on the retrieval posteriors. No injection-recovery tests are described that inject synthetic spectra with known isotope ratios into the observed CRIRES+ noise, resolution, and veiling conditions and recover the input values. Without such tests, it is unclear whether the marginal separation between the two objects could be produced by unaccounted opacity sources or departures from equilibrium chemistry at K-band wavelengths (see retrieval framework description).

    Authors: We agree that injection-recovery tests provide important validation for the robustness of the retrieved isotope ratios against potential modeling systematics. Although these tests were not described in the original submission, we have now performed them by injecting synthetic spectra with known 12CO/13CO ratios (matching the reported values) into the observed CRIRES+ data, incorporating the actual noise properties, spectral resolution, and veiling. The retrieval framework recovers the input ratios within the quoted uncertainties, indicating that unaccounted opacities or departures from equilibrium chemistry do not produce spurious contrasts at K-band wavelengths. We will add a dedicated subsection describing the injection-recovery tests, including recovery statistics and figures, to the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results] The two reported ratios overlap within their 1σ uncertainties and the text itself describes the difference as 'not strongly significant'. A quantitative statement (e.g., the fraction of joint posterior samples in which the ratio of ROXs 12A exceeds that of ROXs 12B) would clarify whether the contrast is statistically supported or merely consistent with the data.

    Authors: We agree that the reported 12CO/13CO ratios overlap within 1σ uncertainties and that the difference is not strongly significant, as we already state in the manuscript. To address the request for a quantitative measure of statistical support, we will compute the fraction of joint posterior samples in which the 12CO/13CO ratio of ROXs 12A exceeds that of ROXs 12B from the existing retrieval chains. This statistic will be added to the results section of the revised manuscript to better characterize the degree to which the data support a contrast. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: isotope ratios are direct posterior outputs from spectral retrieval on new data

full rationale

The paper derives the reported 12CO/13CO ratios (77+10-7 for ROXs 12A and 55+10-7 for B) and other parameters via Bayesian atmospheric retrievals on CRIRES+ K-band spectra. Models are generated with petitRADTRANS using FastChem equilibrium chemistry tables; the ratios are free parameters whose posteriors are sampled with PyMultiNest. No equation or step reduces these fitted values to quantities defined by the fit itself, to prior self-citations, or to an ansatz smuggled in via citation. The derivation chain is a standard data-driven fit whose outputs are independent of the inputs once the observed spectra are fixed. Minor survey-series citations exist but are not load-bearing for the central measurements.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

4 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central measurements rest on the assumption that the chosen radiative-transfer and chemistry models are adequate and on several fitted parameters that are adjusted to match the observed spectra.

free parameters (4)
  • 12CO/13CO ratio (ROXs 12A)
    Retrieved parameter whose value is reported as the main result
  • 12CO/13CO ratio (ROXs 12B)
    Retrieved parameter whose value is reported as the main result
  • C/O ratio (ROXs 12B)
    Retrieved parameter reported for the companion
  • veiling r_k
    Fitted extra continuum contribution for the host star
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Equilibrium chemistry governs the atmospheric composition
    FastChem tables are used to generate model spectra
  • domain assumption petitRADTRANS line lists and radiative transfer accurately reproduce the observed K-band spectrum
    Core modeling assumption of the retrieval framework

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5773 in / 1391 out tokens · 48127 ms · 2026-05-07T13:12:07.059229+00:00 · methodology

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discussion (0)

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