Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe
Abhishek Prakash, Adam D. Myers, Adam J. Burgasser, Adam S. Bolton, Aleks Diamond-Stanic, Alenka Negrete, Alexander Fredrickson, Alex Hagen, Alexis Finoguenov, Alfonso Arag\'on-Salamanca, Alice Deconto Machado, Alice Pisani, Alim Y. Patten, Alina Streblyanska, Amy Jones, Anand Raichoor, Andrea Merloni, Andreas A. Berlind, Andres Almeida, Andres Meza, Andreu Font-Ribera, Aniruddha R. Thakar, Anna B\'arbara de Andrade Queiroz, Anne-Marie Weijmans, Annie C. Robin, An\v{z}e Slosar, Ariel G. S\'anchez, A. Roman-Lopes, Arturo Manchado, Ashley J. Ross, Audrey Oravetz, Aurelio Carnero Rosell, Axel de la Macorra, Axel Schwope, Baitian Tang, Bas\'ilio Xavier Santiago, Bela Abolfathi, Benjamin Alan Weaver, Benjamin A. Thompson, Brett Andrews, Brian Cherinka, Brianne McGrath, Britt Lundgren, Bruce A. Gillespie, Cameron K. McBride, Carles Badenes, Carlos Allende Prieto, Carlos Rom\'an-Z\'u\~niga, Catherine J. Grier, Chad F. Bender, Changbom Park, ChangHoon Hahn, Chao Liu, Charling Tao, Chelsea L. MacLeod, Cheng Li, Chia-Hsun Chuang, Christian Nitschelm, Christopher J. Duckworth, Christophe Y\`eche, Christy Tremonti, Claudia Maraston, Conor Sayres, Constance M. Rockosi, Cristina Chiappini, Curtis Bartosz, D. A. Garc\'ia-Hern\'andez, Daniel Garrido Cuadra, Daniel Goddard, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Daniel Lazarz, Danielle Skinner, Daniel Oravetz, Daniel Thomas, Dan Long, Dante Minniti, David G. Whelan, David H. Weinberg, David J. Schlegel, David Kirkby, David L. Nidever, David R. Law, David S\'anchez Aguado, David V. Stark, David Wake, David W. Hogg, Demitri Muna, Diane K. Feuillet, Diogo Souto, Dmitry Bizyaev, Dominic Bates, Dominika Wylezalek, Donald P. Schneider, Doug Geisler, Drew Chojnowski, Dustin Lang, Edmond Cheung, Edward F. Schlafly, Elena Malanushenko, Eli S. Rykoff, Emma Fern\'andez-Alvar, Eric Armengaud, Eric Aubourg, Eric Emsellem, Eric Jullo, Erik Aquino-Ort\'iz, Etienne Burtin, Falk Baumgarten, Felipe A. Santana, Flavia Sobreira, Florian Beutler, Francesco Belfiore, Francesco di Mille, Francisco M\"uller-S\'anchez, Francisco Prada, Francisco-Shu Kitaura, Franco D. Albareti, Fred Hearty, Friedrich Anders, Fritz Stauffer, Fu-Heng Liang, Gabriele da Silva Ilha, Gail Zasowski, Garrett Ebelke, Garrett Somers, Genaro Su\'arez, Gillian R. Knapp, Gong-Bo Zhao, Gordon Freischlad, Graziano Rossi, Guangtun B. Zhu, Guillermo A. Blanc, Guillermo J. Damke, Guy S. Stringfellow, Haeun Chung, Hannah Richstein, Hans-Walter Rix, H\'ector Gil-Mar\'in, Hector Hernandez Toledo, H\'ector J. Ibarra-Medel, Hee-Jong Seo, H\'elion du Mas des Bourboux, Henrik J\"onsson, Hong Guo, Hongyu Li, Ho Seong Hwang, Hu Zou, Ian D. McGreer, Inese I. Ivans, Inma Martinez Valpuesta, Irene Cruz-Gonzalez, Isabelle P\^aris, Ismael Perez-Fournon, Ivan Lacerna, Ivan Minchev, Jaderson da Silva Schimoia, Jaime Vargas-Gonz\'alez, James E. Gunn, Jamie Dyer, Jamie Tayar, Janaina Correa do Nascimento, Jason E. Ybarra, Javier Alonso-Garc\'ia, Jean-Marc Le Goff, Jean-Paul Kneib, Jeffrey A. Newman, Jeffrey D. Crane, Jennifer A. Johnson, Jennifer S. Sobeck, Jeremy Darling, Jeremy L. Tinker, J. G. Fernandez-Trincado, Jing Sun, Jo Bovy, Joel R. Brownstein, Johan Comparat, Johanna Teske, John Donor, John Mulchaey, John Ruan, John Wilson, Joleen K. Carlberg, Jon A. Holtzman, Jonathan Brinkmann, Jonathan C. Bird, Jonay I. Gonzalez Hern\'andez, Jorge Barrera-Ballesteros, Jose Alberto Vazquez, Joseph D. Gelfand, Joseph Huehnerhoff, Jos\'e R. S\'anchez-Gallego, Joshua D. Simon, Juan Jos\'e Downes, Julia E. O'Connell, Julian Bautista, Julien Guy, Juna A. Kollmeier, Jura Borissova, Kaike Pan, Kai Zhang, Karen Kinemuchi, Karen L. Masters, Kathleen A. Barger, Kathleen Grabowski, Katia Cunha, Keivan Stassun, Kelly Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly Jackson, KeShawn Ivory, Kevin Bundy, Kevin Covey, Kirpal Nandra, Kyle B. Westfall, Kyle Dawson, Laszlo Szigeti, Lihwai Lin, Llu\'is Galbany, Luiz da Costa, Manuchehr Taghizadeh-Popp, Manuela Zoccali, Mara Salvato, Marcio Antonio Geimba Maia, Marcos Lima, Marcos Pellejero-Ibanez, Marc Pinsonneault, Margarita Rosado, Maria Argudo-Fern\'andez, Maria Leticia Delgado Carigi, Mariana Cano-D\'iaz, Mariana Vargas-Maga\~na, Mariangela Bernardi, Marie-Claude Cousinou, Mark Klaene, Mathias Schultheis, Matthew A. Bershady, Matthew Hall, Matthew Melendez, Matthew M. Pieri, Matthew Shetrone, Matthias Steinmetz, M\'ed\'eric Boquien, Melissa Ness, Meng Yang, M. F. Skrutskie, Michael Blomqvist, Michael L. Evans, Michael R. Blanton, Michael R. Merrifield, Michael Shull, Michele Cappellari, Miguel Angel C. de Icaza Lizaola, Mike Eracleous, Mita Tembe, M. Jordan Raddick, M. Vivek, Nadia Zakamska, Nao Suzuki, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathan De Lee, Nelson Padilla, Nicholas K. MacDonald, Nicholas W. Troup, Nicolas Clerc, Nicol\'as G. Busca, Nicol\'as Medina Pe\~na, Nicole Vogt, Niv Drory, Octavio Valenzuela, Olga Zamora, Parker H. Holzer, Patricia Tissera, Patrick Gaulme, Patrick Petitjean, Paul Harding, Pauline Zarrouk, Paul J. Green, Pedro Alonso Palicio, Peter Doohyun Choi, Peter M. Frinchaboy, Pierros Ntelis, Preethi Nair, Rachael Beaton, Rados{\l}aw Poleski, Rafael Fernando Cirolini, Remco van den Bosch, Renbin Yan, Rene Walterbos, R. Garcia-Dias, Ricardo Carrera, Ricardo P. Schiavon, Ricardo R. Munoz, Richard M. McDermid, Richard R. Lane, Rita Tojeiro, Robert C. Nichol, Roberto Maiolino, Rogemar A. Riffel, Roger Davies, Roger E. Cohen, Rog\'erio Riffel, Rossana Ruggeri, Rui Marques-Chaves, Rupert A.C. Croft, Ryan J. Oelkers, Salvador Salazar-Albornoz, Samantha Penny, Sandro Barboza Rembold, Sandro Villanova, Sara Bertran de Lis, Sara Lucatello, Scott F. Anderson, Scott W. Fleming, Sebastien Peirani, Sergio Rodr\'iguez-Torres, Shirley Ho, Shiyin Shen, Shude Mao, Sten Hasselquist, Stephanie Escoffier, Stephen Bailey, Steven R. Majewski, Surhud More, Suvrath Mahadevan, Suzanne L. Hawley, Sylvain de la Torre, Szabolcs Meszaros, Takamitsu Miyaji, Taniya Parikh, Thaisa Storchi-Bergmann, Timoth\'ee Delubac, Timothy A. Hutchinson, Timothy C. Beers, Ting Xiao, Tom Dwelly, Trey W. Jensen, Verne V. Smith, Vikrant Kamble, Viktor Malanushenko, Violeta Gonzalez-Perez, Vivienne Wild, Vladimir Avila-Reese, William J. Schuster, William N. Brandt, Will J. Percival, W. M. Wood-Vasey, Xiaohui Fan, Yen-Ting Lin, Yilen G\'omez Maqueo Chew, Yuting Wang, Zach Pace, Zhengyi Shao, Zheng Zheng, Zhi-Min Zhou
We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially-resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median redshift of z = 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between redshifts z = 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGN and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5-meter Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5-meter du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in July 2016.
DESI DR2 BAO data exhibits 2.3 sigma tension with CMB in Lambda-CDM but prefers evolving dark energy (w0 > -1, wa < 0) at 3.1 sigma with CMB and 2.8-4.2 sigma when including supernovae.
A single galaxy cluster lenses two quasars (one Type I at z=1.524, one dust-obscured Type II at z=1.939) into four images each, yielding a projected mass of ~3.3e14 solar masses within 500 kpc and time delays of hundr...
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