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arxiv: 1906.11413 · v1 · pith:3566DG4Nnew · submitted 2019-06-27 · ⚛️ nucl-ex · hep-ex· hep-ph· nucl-th

Experimental searches for the chiral magnetic effect in heavy-ion collisions

Jie Zhao , Fuqiang Wang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 14:17 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex hep-exhep-phnucl-th
keywords chiral magnetic effectheavy-ion collisionsquark-gluon plasmacharge separationtopological chargeparity violationbackground subtraction
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The pith

Heavy-ion collisions provide a setting to detect the chiral magnetic effect via charge separation along magnetic fields, despite dominant backgrounds in early data.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review examines experimental searches for the chiral magnetic effect in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The effect produces an electric current from chirality-imbalanced quarks aligned with an external magnetic field. Such imbalances arise when quarks interact with local gluon field domains that carry non-zero topological charge. Collisions create the quark-gluon plasma under conditions of approximate chiral symmetry restoration and strong magnetic fields, offering a potential detection window. Early measurements of charge separation were limited by unrelated physics backgrounds, prompting development of suppression techniques that the paper traces from initial attempts through recent innovations.

Core claim

Relativistic heavy-ion collisions, with the likely creation of the high energy density quark-gluon plasma and restoration of the approximate chiral symmetry, and the possibly long-lived strong magnetic field, provide a unique opportunity to detect the chiral magnetic effect, where charge separation of chirality imbalanced quarks is generated along the magnetic field and the imbalance results from interactions of quarks with metastable local domains of gluon fields of non-zero topological charges out of QCD vacuum fluctuations.

What carries the argument

The chiral magnetic effect mechanism of charge separation along the magnetic field driven by chirality imbalance from topological gluon domains.

If this is right

  • Detection would confirm local P and CP violation in strong interactions.
  • It would offer a potential window on the strong CP problem and matter-antimatter asymmetry.
  • Measurements could constrain the lifetime and strength of the magnetic field in the plasma.
  • Isolated signals would enable study of QCD topological fluctuations during the collision evolution.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Confirmed signals could quantify the rate of topological charge transitions in the QCD vacuum.
  • Background control methods developed here may transfer to searches for related anomalous transport effects.
  • Data from varying beam energies could test the predicted dependence on magnetic field duration.

Load-bearing premise

The chirality imbalance results from interactions of quarks with metastable local domains of gluon fields of non-zero topological charges out of QCD vacuum fluctuations.

What would settle it

No detectable charge separation signal remaining after background subtraction in high-statistics data from multiple collision systems and centralities with varying magnetic field strengths.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1906.11413 by Fuqiang Wang, Jie Zhao.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (Color online) Illustration of the CME. The red arrows denote the direction of momentum, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Illustration of a non-central heavy-ion collision, where the overlap participant region is an [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: (Color online) The magnetic field magnitude at the center of 200 GeV Au+Au collisions (left [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The azimuthal γ correlators as functions of centrality in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV from STAR. Shaded bands represent uncertainty from the v2 measurement. The thick solid (Au+Au) and dashed (Cu+Cu) lines represent HIJING calculations of the contributions from three-particle correlations. Adapted from Ref. [136, 137] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (Color online) The azimuthal correlator γ measured with the first-order event plane ψ1 from the ZDC and the second-order event plane from the time projection chamber (TPC) as functions of centrality in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV from STAR. The Y4 and Y7 represent the results from the 2004 and 2007 RHIC run. Shaded areas for the results measured with ψ2 represent the systematic uncertainty of the ev… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The centrality dependence of the three-point correlator. The circles indicate the ALICE [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The three-point γ correlators as functions of centrality in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7 − 62.4 GeV. The filled boxes (starting from the central values) represent the range of results suppressing effects from HBT and the final-state Coulomb interaction. The curves and shaded bands are model calculations. Adapted from Ref. [140]. The CVE would result in a baryon-antibaryon separation along the direction o… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Left: expected CME signals [Eq. (3)] for opposite-sign (OS) and same-sign (SS) particle [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Illustration that the decay π +π − pair from a ρ resonance moving in the RP direction has the same effect on the ∆γ observable [Eq. (3)] as a CME π +π − pair perpendicular to the RP. There are of course more sources of particle correlations except that from ρ decays, such as other resonances and jet correlations. We can generally refer to those as cluster correlations [148]. In general, those backgrounds a… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: (Color online) Blast-wave calculations of the ∆ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. The same sign and opposite sign three-particle corre [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. The difference of the opposite sign and same sign [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: (Color online) The scaled ∆γscaled correlator in p+Au, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions as functions of dNch/dη at RHIC by STAR. Dash lines represent the results using v2,c with different ∆η gaps. Error bars are statistical and caps are systematic uncertainties. Only statistical errors are plotted for the Au+Au results. Adapted from Refs. [177, 178, 179]. 3.4 Backgrounds to other chiral effects Local charge con… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. (Color online) ! = !⟨A2⟩− !⟨A+A−⟩ as a function of vobs 2 , the event-by-even Figure 13: (Color online) Left panel: charge multiplicity asymmetry correlation (∆) as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: The ∆γ112 correlator multiplied by the number of participants (Npart) as a function of the event-by-event q 2 2 (left panel), and that with respect to the third harmonic plane (∆γ123) as a function of q 2 3 in 20-60% Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV. Errors shown are statistical uncertainties. Adapted from Ref. [192]. These methods extract the ∆γ signal at zero v2,ebye or q2 of the final-state particles… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: The hv2,ρi versus v2,π,ebye (left panel) and hv3,ρi versus v3,π,ebye (right panel) from toy-model simulations of ρ resonances with fixed pT,ρ = 1.0 GeV/c, v2,ρ = 5% and v3,ρ = 2.5%. The finite hv2,ρi and hv3,ρi values are the reasons why flow backgrounds cannot be completely removed by v2,π,ebye = 0 or v3,π,ebye = 0. Adapted from [156]. It is difficult, if not at all impossible, to ensure the v2,ebye of o… view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: The κ112 ≡ ∆γ112/v2δ and κ123 ≡ ∆γ123/v3δ variables measured by CMS as functions of Noffline trk . The measurements are averaged over |η| < 1.6 in p+Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV (upper panel) and Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV (lower panel). Statistical and systematic uncertainties are indicated by the error bars and shaded regions, respectively. Adapted from [169]. Similar to Eq. (25), the κ3 parameter… view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The q2 classes are shown in different fractions with respect to the total number of events in multiplicity range 185  Noffline trk < 250 in PbPb (left) and pPb (right) collisions at psNN = 5.02 and 8.16 TeV, respectively. distribution, where 0–1% represents the highest q2 class. For each q2 class, the three-particle g112 is calculated with the default kinematic regions for particles a, b, and c, and the v… view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: (Color online) The charged-particle density scaled azimuthal correlator, ∆ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: (Colour online) Centrality dependence of the CME fraction extracted from the slope parameter of fits to data and MC-Glauber [50], MC-KLN CGC [52, 53] and EKRT [54] models, respectively (see text for details). The dashed lines indicate the physical parameter space of the CME fraction. Points are slightly shifted along the horizontal axis for better visibility. Only statistical uncertainties are shown. to co… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Extracted intercept parameter bnorm (upper) and corresponding upper limit of the fraction of v2-independent g112 correlator component (lower), averaged over |Dh| < 1.6, as a function of Noffline trk in pPb collisions at psNN = 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Statis￾tical and systematic uncertainties are indicated by the error bars and shaded regions in the top panel, respectively. 26 trk offline… view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: shows the preliminary results in mid-central Au+Au collisions by STAR [177, 178, 205]. The left panel shows the minv dependence of the relative OS and SS pion pair abundance difference, r = (NOS − NSS)/NOS. The pions are identified by the TPC and the time-of-flight (TOF) detector within pseudorapidity and pT ranges of |η| < 1 and 0.2 < pT < 1.8 GeV/c, respectively. The resonance peaks of KS and ρ are clea… view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: The average ∆γ at large pair mass, compared to the inclusive ∆γinc, in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV. Left panel: from AMPT simulation as function of the impact parameter (b) [165, 204]. Right panel: from Run-11 STAR data as function of centrality [177, 178, 205]. Errors shown are statistical. Most of the π-π resonance contributions are located in the low minv region, below minv < 1.5 GeV/c 2 [209, 2… view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: (Color online) Upper left panel: typical [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: The minv dependences of the ∆γ in large and small q2 events (upper panel), and the ∆γ difference between large and small q2 events together with the inclusive ∆γinc (lower panel) in 20-50% central Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV from Run-16 by STAR. Errors shown are statistical. Adapted from Ref. [205]. The overall ∆γ contains both background and the possible CME. With the background shape given by ∆γA… view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: The ∆γ versus ∆γA −∆γB (left panel), and ∆γA versus ∆γB (right panel) in 20-50% central Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV from Run-16 by STAR. Each data point in the left (right) panel corresponds to one minv bin in the lower (upper) panel of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_25.png] view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: Left: sketch of a heavy-ion collision projected onto the transverse plane (perpendicular to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_26.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: (Color online) Relative di [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: The centrality dependences of the ratios of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_28.png] view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: The extracted fraction of potential CME signal, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_29.png] view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: The possible CME signal, relative to the inclusive ∆ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_30.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Event-averaged initial magnetic field squared at the center One may estimate the ∆γ magnitudes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: (Color online) Left Panel: proton and neutron density distributions of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_32.png] view at source ↗
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Ratio of the charged particle multiplicity distributions in Ru+Ru and Zr+Zr collisions [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_33.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) refers to a charge separation (an electric current) of chirality imbalanced quarks generated along an external strong magnetic field. The chirality imbalance results from interactions of quarks, under the approximate chiral symmetry restoration, with metastable local domains of gluon fields of non-zero topological charges out of QCD vacuum fluctuations. Those local domains violate the $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{CP}$ invariance, potentially offering a solution to the strong $\mathcal{CP}$ problem in explaining the magnitude of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in today's universe. Relativistic heavy-ion collisions, with the likely creation of the high energy density quark-gluon plasma and restoration of the approximate chiral symmetry, and the possibly long-lived strong magnetic field, provide a unique opportunity to detect the CME. Early measurements of the CME-induced charge separation in heavy-ion collisions are dominated by physics backgrounds. Major efforts have been devoted to eliminate or reduce those backgrounds. We review those efforts, with a somewhat historical perspective, and focus on the recent innovative experimental undertakings in the search for the CME in heavy-ion collisions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review summarizing the theoretical motivation for the chiral magnetic effect (CME) in QCD, where chirality imbalance from topological gluon domains leads to charge separation along strong magnetic fields in the quark-gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. It notes that early experimental measurements of CME-induced charge separation are dominated by physics backgrounds and reviews the major efforts to eliminate or reduce those backgrounds, adopting a somewhat historical perspective while focusing on recent innovative experimental techniques.

Significance. If the review accurately captures the literature, it offers a consolidated reference on the experimental status of CME searches, underscoring the unique conditions provided by heavy-ion collisions for probing QCD topology and the strong CP problem. The historical framing of background mitigation progress provides context for ongoing work and may help orient new researchers in the field.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript and for recommending acceptance. The review accurately reflects the current experimental status of CME searches as described.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in review paper

full rationale

This is a descriptive review article summarizing the theoretical motivation for the chiral magnetic effect and experimental efforts to detect it in heavy-ion collisions. No derivations, equations, predictions, or fitted parameters are introduced; the mechanism description draws from established QCD literature without internal construction or self-referential steps. The paper's purpose is to survey existing work, so no load-bearing chain reduces to its own inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper summarizing prior experimental efforts; no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced.

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Forward citations

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