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arxiv: 1907.02977 · v1 · pith:EJ2SDSIBnew · submitted 2019-07-05 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO · astro-ph.GA· gr-qc

Realistic simulations of galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity

Christian Arnold (ICC , Durham) , Matteo Leo (ICC , IPPP , Baojiu Li (ICC This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 01:54 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO astro-ph.GAgr-qc
keywords f(R) gravityhydrodynamical simulationsneutral hydrogengalaxy formationmodified gravitySKA surveypower spectrum
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The pith

f(R) modified gravity produces a 20% deviation in the high-redshift neutral hydrogen power spectrum that exceeds SKA1-MID errors.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper runs full-physics hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation inside f(R) gravity using the Illustris-TNG model inside the AREPO code. It measures how the modified force law alters the clustering of neutral hydrogen, stars, and dark matter at high redshift while also checking whether rotationally supported discs still form. The central result is that the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum shifts by about 20 percent in both the F5 and F6 models, an amount larger than the forecast uncertainties for the SKA1-MID survey. The work also shows that AGN feedback and modified gravity interact noticeably only in the stronger F5 case, not in F6.

Core claim

Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations that embed the Illustris-TNG galaxy-formation model inside f(R) gravity demonstrate that the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum at high redshift differs from the general-relativity case by 20 percent in both F5 and F6 models; this difference lies well above the expected SKA1-MID errors and therefore constitutes a testable signature of modified gravity on large scales.

What carries the argument

A new modified-gravity solver inside the AREPO code that couples the Illustris-TNG full-physics model to f(R) gravity, allowing direct comparison of matter, gas, stellar and HI power spectra between GR and the screened f(R) models.

If this is right

  • Rotationally supported disc galaxies form in f(R) gravity even when the fifth force is only partially screened.
  • The number of disc galaxies may increase in the weaker F6 model and decrease in the stronger F5 model relative to GR.
  • AGN feedback and modified gravity produce a non-negligible back-reaction on the matter power spectrum only in F5, not in F6.
  • The degeneracy between AGN feedback and f(R) effects on the matter power spectrum can be broken by examining the neutral-hydrogen and stellar power spectra separately.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the 20 percent HI shift is confirmed, intensity-mapping surveys at high redshift would become a primary route for testing gravity on cosmological scales.
  • The result suggests that future HI surveys could distinguish f(R) models from GR even when the matter power spectrum alone is ambiguous because of feedback uncertainties.
  • Extending the same simulation setup to other screened modified-gravity models would test whether the HI signature is generic or specific to the chameleon mechanism.

Load-bearing premise

The Illustris-TNG physics prescriptions and the new AREPO modified-gravity solver remain valid when applied to f(R) gravity even in the partially screened regime.

What would settle it

A measurement of the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum at z approximately 2 to 3 that either shows or fails to show a 20 percent excess relative to general-relativity predictions at the wavenumbers probed by SKA1-MID.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1907.02977 by Baojiu Li (ICC, Christian Arnold (ICC, Durham), IPPP, Matteo Leo (ICC.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: A selection of four galaxies from the F6 (top) and F5 (bottom) cosmology simulations at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The relative difference of the matter power spectra with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The 3D matter power spectrum of the different matter components in our simulations for redshift [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The stellar and gaseous properties of galaxies. Results from the simulations presented in this work are shown as blue lines for GR, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We have carried out a set of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations that follow galaxy formation in $f(R)$ modified gravity models. Our simulations employ the Illustris-TNG full physics model and a new modified gravity solver in the AREPO code. For the first time we are able to investigate the degeneracy in the matter power spectrum between the effects of $f(R)$-gravity and feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN), and the imprint of modified gravity on the properties of galaxies and on the distribution of dark matter, gas and stars in the universe. $f(R)$-gravity has an observable effect on the neutral hydrogen power spectrum at high redshift at a level of 20%. For both the F6 and F5 models, this is significantly larger than the predicted errors for the SKA1-MID survey, making this probe a powerful test of gravity on large scales. A similar effect is present in the power spectrum of the stars at high redshift. We also show that rotationally supported disc galaxies can form in $f(R)$-gravity, even in the partially screened regime. Our simulations indicate that there might be more disc galaxies in F6 compared to GR, and fewer in F5. Finally, we show that the back reaction between AGN feedback and modified gravity in the matter power spectrum is not important in the F6 model but has a sizeable effect in F5.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents the first set of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity, employing the Illustris-TNG full physics model together with a new modified-gravity solver implemented in AREPO. The central claims are that f(R) produces a ~20% effect on the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum at high redshift for both the F5 and F6 models (exceeding predicted SKA1-MID errors), that rotationally supported discs form even in the partially screened regime, that the number of discs may differ from GR, and that the back-reaction between AGN feedback and modified gravity is negligible in F6 but appreciable in F5.

Significance. If the numerical results hold after validation, the work demonstrates that the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum can serve as a powerful, observationally accessible test of gravity on cosmological scales. The use of a full-physics galaxy-formation model rather than dark-matter-only runs is a clear strength, as is the explicit examination of the AGN-feedback degeneracy and the demonstration that discs can form in partially screened f(R) haloes.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the 20% deviation in the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum (and the assertion that it exceeds SKA1-MID errors) is obtained with the unmodified, GR-calibrated Illustris-TNG subgrid prescriptions for cooling, star formation, stellar feedback and AGN feedback. No information is given on whether these parameters were re-tuned or whether key diagnostics (stellar mass function, gas fractions, HI-halo mass relation) were validated against observations in the F5/F6 runs. Because the fifth force alters halo assembly and potential-well depths even in partially screened objects, this assumption is load-bearing for interpreting the 20% signal as a genuine modified-gravity signature.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: the new modified-gravity solver is introduced without any reported tests of its accuracy, convergence with resolution, or comparison against known analytic limits or existing f(R) codes. Given that the central 20% claim rests on the fidelity of the hydrodynamical runs, the absence of such validation constitutes a major gap.
  3. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that 'the degeneracy with AGN feedback was investigated' is not accompanied by quantitative details (e.g., the magnitude of the difference between runs with and without feedback, or the k-range and redshift at which the comparison was performed). This information is required to assess whether the reported back-reaction effect in F5 is robust.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract would benefit from explicit statements of the redshift range and wavenumber interval over which the 20% HI-power-spectrum deviation is measured.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for the constructive comments. We respond to each major comment below and indicate the revisions that will be made to address the concerns raised.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the 20% deviation in the neutral-hydrogen power spectrum (and the assertion that it exceeds SKA1-MID errors) is obtained with the unmodified, GR-calibrated Illustris-TNG subgrid prescriptions for cooling, star formation, stellar feedback and AGN feedback. No information is given on whether these parameters were re-tuned or whether key diagnostics (stellar mass function, gas fractions, HI-halo mass relation) were validated against observations in the F5/F6 runs. Because the fifth force alters halo assembly and potential-well depths even in partially screened objects, this assumption is load-bearing for interpreting the 20% signal as a genuine modified-gravity signature.

    Authors: We agree that the subgrid prescriptions were not re-tuned for the f(R) models and that no validation of key diagnostics such as the stellar mass function, gas fractions or HI-halo mass relation was reported for the F5/F6 runs. The simulations were intentionally performed with the standard GR-calibrated Illustris-TNG model to isolate the effects of modified gravity. To address this point we will add a new subsection (and supporting figures) that presents these diagnostics for the f(R) runs and compares them both to the GR case and to available observational constraints. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the new modified-gravity solver is introduced without any reported tests of its accuracy, convergence with resolution, or comparison against known analytic limits or existing f(R) codes. Given that the central 20% claim rests on the fidelity of the hydrodynamical runs, the absence of such validation constitutes a major gap.

    Authors: The referee is correct that the manuscript does not include tests of the new modified-gravity solver. While such tests were carried out during code development, they were not reported. We will add an appendix containing accuracy tests, resolution convergence studies, and comparisons against analytic limits and other f(R) implementations to document the fidelity of the solver. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that 'the degeneracy with AGN feedback was investigated' is not accompanied by quantitative details (e.g., the magnitude of the difference between runs with and without feedback, or the k-range and redshift at which the comparison was performed). This information is required to assess whether the reported back-reaction effect in F5 is robust.

    Authors: We agree that quantitative details on the AGN-feedback comparison are missing. We will expand the relevant discussion to include explicit numbers for the magnitude of the power-spectrum differences between runs with and without AGN feedback, together with the specific redshift and wavenumber ranges examined, so that the robustness of the back-reaction statement for F5 (and its absence in F6) can be directly assessed. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: results from direct numerical simulations with no reduction to fitted inputs or self-citations

full rationale

The paper reports outcomes of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations that apply the existing Illustris-TNG subgrid model inside a new f(R) solver in AREPO. No analytical derivation chain, parameter fitting step, or prediction is present that reduces by construction to the inputs. F5/F6 are standard literature values; the 20% HI power-spectrum effect and AGN-feedback back-reaction statements are direct simulation outputs, not re-labeled fits. No load-bearing self-citation or ansatz smuggling is visible in the abstract or described claims.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

Central claims rest on applicability of the Illustris-TNG subgrid model to f(R) gravity and accuracy of the new AREPO MG solver; these are domain assumptions not independently verified in the abstract. No new entities postulated.

free parameters (1)
  • f_R0 amplitude for F5 and F6
    Standard |f_R0| values (10^{-5} and 10^{-6}) chosen from prior literature to satisfy local gravity tests; used to define the models.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Illustris-TNG galaxy formation physics applies without major modification to f(R) gravity.
    Paper employs the full physics model directly in the modified gravity simulations.
  • domain assumption New modified gravity solver in AREPO accurately captures f(R) effects including partial screening.
    Results on disc galaxies and power spectra depend on this implementation.

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discussion (0)

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