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A Diffusion Theory For Deep Learning Dynamics: Stochastic Gradient Descent Exponentially Favors Flat Minima

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arxiv 2002.03495 v14 pith:BCJIK7FX submitted 2020-02-10 cs.LG stat.ML

classification cs.LGstat.ML
keywords minimaflatgradientlearningdeepdescentexponentiallyfavors
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Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its variants are mainstream methods for training deep networks in practice. SGD is known to find a flat minimum that often generalizes well. However, it is mathematically unclear how deep learning can select a flat minimum among so many minima. To answer the question quantitatively, we develop a density diffusion theory (DDT) to reveal how minima selection quantitatively depends on the minima sharpness and the hyperparameters. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to theoretically and empirically prove that, benefited from the Hessian-dependent covariance of stochastic gradient noise, SGD favors flat minima exponentially more than sharp minima, while Gradient Descent (GD) with injected white noise favors flat minima only polynomially more than sharp minima. We also reveal that either a small learning rate or large-batch training requires exponentially many iterations to escape from minima in terms of the ratio of the batch size and learning rate. Thus, large-batch training cannot search flat minima efficiently in a realistic computational time.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. On the Implicit Flatness Bias of Sharpness-Aware Minimization: A Linear Stability Analysis with Quantitative Hyperparameter Bounds

    cs.LG 2026-08 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    SAM's largest Hessian eigenvalue is bounded by the cube root of bGamma/(2*rho*eta^2), so larger radius, smaller batch, or larger learning rate restrict linearly stable minima to flatter regions.

  2. Seesaw: Accelerating Training by Balancing Learning Rate and Batch Size Scheduling

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    When a cosine schedule would halve the learning rate, Seesaw cuts it by √2 and doubles the batch, matching loss curves with ~36% fewer serial steps.

  3. Right Time to Learn:Promoting Generalization via Bio-inspired Spacing Effect in Knowledge Distillation

    cs.LG 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Training the teacher a small number of steps ahead of the student and freezing it during distillation improves student generalization by up to 3.4% on image benchmarks.

  4. Thinking Beyond Tokens: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Cognitive Foundations for Artificial General Intelligence and its Societal Impact

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    A broad survey arguing that AGI requires modular, memory-augmented, embodied architectures rather than scaled-up token prediction, with a brief proposal to decompose intelligence into five components.

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