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Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
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abstract
At the start of Run 2 in 2015, the LHC delivered proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. During Run 2 (years 2015-2018) the LHC eventually reached a luminosity of 2.1 $\times$ 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, almost three times that reached during Run 1 (2009-2013) and a factor of two larger than the LHC design value, leading to events with up to a mean of about 50 simultaneous inelastic proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing (pileup). The CMS Level-1 trigger was upgraded prior to 2016 to improve the selection of physics events in the challenging conditions posed by the second run of the LHC. This paper describes the performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger upgrade during the data taking period of 2016-2018. The upgraded trigger implements pattern recognition and boosted decision tree regression techniques for muon reconstruction, includes pileup subtraction for jets and energy sums, and incorporates pileup-dependent isolation requirements for electrons and tau leptons. In addition, the new trigger calculates high-level quantities such as the invariant mass of pairs of reconstructed particles. The upgrade reduces the trigger rate from background processes and improves the trigger efficiency for a wide variety of physics signals.
Forward citations
Cited by 33 Pith papers
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Off-shell Higgs boson measurements: Yukawa couplings, self-coupling, compositeness, and width
Using off-shell Higgs production in 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV CMS data, the collaboration measured Γ_H = 5.1^{+2.0}_{-1.8} MeV, excluded no off-shell production at >5σ, and set the first direct 95% CL lower bound Λ_H > 870 ...
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Measurement of the jet mass in hadronic decays of boosted W bosons at 13 TeV and extraction of the W boson mass
Unfolded double-differential W+jets cross section versus jet p_T and soft-drop mass yields m_W = 80.83 ± 0.55 GeV, the most precise all-jets extraction at a hadron collider.
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System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
First neon-neon R_AA measurement shows charged-particle suppression increasing monotonically with nuclear size across oxygen, neon, xenon, and lead at LHC energies.
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Search for heavy long-lived charged particles with level-1 trigger scouting data from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
A triggerless CMS dataset yields first low-speed heavy charged particle limits, excluding fiducial cross sections down to 3.5 fb.
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Search for single production of a vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark and a neutral scalar boson in the lepton+jets final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No evidence of a single vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark plus a neutral scalar is found; new 95% CL exclusion limits are set, first for the new-scalar channel.
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Search for dark matter in a signature with a four-prong large-radius jet in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No significant excess is observed in the four-prong large-radius jet + MET signature; 95% CL upper limits are set on the signal strength versus mediator mass or χ₂χ₁Y₀ coupling.
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Measurement of the fragmentation properties of jets containing $\Upsilon$(nS) mesons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
First measurement of Upsilon(nS) jet-fragmentation profiles shows data have lower z and higher p_rel^T than PYTHIA 8.240/8.310 with CP1/CP5 tunes.
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Evidence for sequential $\Upsilon$(nS) suppression in light ion collisions
First evidence of sequential Upsilon(nS) suppression in oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon collisions, with the Upsilon(3S)/Upsilon(2S) ratio reduced by 3.2 standard deviations.
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Search for soft unclustered energy patterns in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV using data scouting
No SUEP signal is observed in CMS scouting data; the search sets the most stringent limits to date on gluon-fusion production of heavy scalars decaying to SUEP-like final states.
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Search for nonresonant triple Higgs boson production in the final state with six bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No excess is observed; the 95% CL upper limit on nonresonant HHH→6b is 44 fb (588×SM), with κ3 constrained to −7.4 < κ3 < 12.4 (κ4=1) and κ4 to −177 < κ4 < 185 (κ3=1).
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Search for Higgs boson production at high transverse momentum in the WW decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A first dedicated search for highly Lorentz-boosted H->WW decays at the LHC finds mu = -0.19 +0.48/-0.46, consistent with no signal above background.
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Search for pair production of heavy resonances in final states with a photon and large-radius jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
Using 138 fb^-1 of CMS data, the first tt-gamma-g channel search finds no excess and excludes spin-1/2 (spin-3/2) excited top quarks below 930 (1330) GeV.
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Measurement of B meson production fraction ratios in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV using open-charm and charmonium decays
Production fraction ratios of B+, B0, and B0_s mesons at 13 TeV are measured with open-charm and charmonium decays, providing absolute normalizations and confirming isospin symmetry.
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Measurement and effective field theory interpretation of the photon-fusion production cross section of a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS observes photon-fusion W+W- production at 13 TeV with >5 sigma significance and measures sigma = 643 +82/-78 fb, consistent with the standard-model prediction of 631 +/- 126 fb.
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Search for heavy resonances decaying into two Higgs bosons in the $\mathrm{b\bar{b}}\tau^+\tau^-$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No excess is observed in resonant Higgs pair production in the bb tau tau final state; 95% CL limits are set on spin-0 and spin-2 resonance cross sections from 1 to 4.5 TeV.
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Combination of searches for heavy vector boson resonances in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS combination of searches finds no heavy vector boson resonance and excludes HVT W′/Z′ bosons below 5.5 TeV (weak coupling), 4.8 TeV (strong coupling), and 2.0 TeV for VBF production at 95% CL.
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SparsePixels: Efficient Convolution for Sparse Data on FPGAs
A fixed-budget sparse-convolution FPGA framework runs CNNs on <=20 of ~4000 pixels, achieving 0.665 us inference for MicroBooNE with a 73x speedup and ~2% AUC loss.
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Search for long-lived particles using displaced vertices with low-momentum tracks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A displaced-vertex search for compressed-spectrum long-lived particles excludes top squarks up to about 1100 GeV and wino-like neutralinos up to about 550 GeV, the strongest limits on these benchmark models.
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Search for dark matter production in association with bottom quarks and a lepton pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
First dedicated CMS search for bb + dilepton + missing transverse momentum in the 2HDM+a model finds no signal and sets 95% CL cross-section limits of 10^-2 to 10^-3 pb for mH = 400-2000 GeV.
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Wasserstein normalized autoencoder for anomaly detection
A Wasserstein-distance-trained normalized autoencoder detects semivisible jets in simulated LHC events with AUCs around 0.69–0.77, outperforming standard and normalized autoencoders on a ttbar background.
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Search for a Higgs boson produced in association with a charm quark and decaying to a W boson pair in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
The first search for a Higgs boson produced with a charm quark and decaying to a W-boson pair sees no excess, and combined with the diphoton channel limits the Higgs-charm coupling to below 47 times the standard model...
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Exploring small-angle emissions in charm quark jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV
CMS reports the first late-kT groomed splitting-angle distributions for prompt D0 jets at pT 100-120 GeV and finds suppression consistent with the charm dead cone, while soft-drop suppression appears driven by gluon s...
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Search for the nonresonant and resonant production of a Higgs boson in association with an additional scalar boson in the $\gamma\gamma\tau\tau$ final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS finds no evidence for Higgs-pair or new-scalar production in the two-photon plus two-tau final state and sets new upper limits on these processes.
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Measurement of WWZ and ZH production cross sections at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 and 13.6 TeV
The WWZ and ZH production rates match the standard model, with a combined significance of 4.5 standard deviations and first evidence at 13.6 TeV.
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Exploring the origin of D$^0$ meson elliptic flow in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV using event shape engineering
Prompt D0 v2 is strongly linearly correlated with low-pT charged-particle v2 across q2-selected event classes, indicating initial-state geometry dominates charm-hadron elliptic flow in PbPb collisions.
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Measurement of the $\gamma\gamma \to \tau \tau$ cross section and constraints on the anomalous magnetic moment of the $\tau$ lepton in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
CMS measures gamma-gamma -> tau+tau- in PbPb UPCs and constrains the tau anomalous magnetic moment to -0.039 < a_tau < 0.032 (95% CL), with a fiducial cross-section of 555+60-14 microbarns.
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Search for the pair production of long-lived supersymmetric partners of the tau lepton in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No long-lived staus are observed; CMS excludes stau masses up to 425 GeV at 50 mm lifetime (mass-degenerate) and decay lengths 21-94 mm / 6-333 mm at 200 GeV.
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Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
A CMS search with 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV data finds no dark matter produced with a Higgs boson decaying to bottom quarks, and sets 95% CL exclusions on Z' and 2HDM+a model parameters.
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Search for a boosted Higgs boson decaying to bottom quark pairs in association with a W or Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
In 138 fb^-1 of 13 TeV proton collisions, CMS measures the boosted VH, H->bb signal strength as mu=0.72^{+0.75}_{-0.71}, consistent with the Standard Model.
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Measurement of the Higgs boson total decay width using the H $\to$ WW $\to$ e$\nu\mu\nu$ decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS measures the Higgs total width as 3.9 +2.7 -2.2 MeV from the ratio of off-shell to on-shell H→WW production, consistent with the Standard Model.
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A measurement of the Higgs boson mass in the diphoton decay channel in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
CMS measures the Higgs mass in H→γγ with 138 fb⁻¹ at 13 TeV as 125.13 ± 0.15 GeV, and 125.06 ± 0.14 GeV when combined with 7+8 TeV diphoton data.
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Measurement of the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) differential cross sections in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV
First CMS measurement of Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S) differential cross sections at √s=13.6 TeV, extending the pT reach from 100 to 200 GeV.
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Search for a new neutral gauge boson produced in association with one or two b jets and decaying into a pair of muons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV
No Z' boson decaying to muon pairs and produced with b jets appears in 138 fb⁻¹ of CMS data, yielding first 95% CL limits of 0.2–2 fb on σ×B×A×ε across 125–350 GeV.
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