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The Curious Case of Hallucinations in Neural Machine Translation

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arxiv 2104.06683 v1 pith:SMO4JSFR submitted 2021-04-14 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords hallucinationsperturbationsourceundercorpus-levelmachineneuralnoise
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In this work, we study hallucinations in Neural Machine Translation (NMT), which lie at an extreme end on the spectrum of NMT pathologies. Firstly, we connect the phenomenon of hallucinations under source perturbation to the Long-Tail theory of Feldman (2020), and present an empirically validated hypothesis that explains hallucinations under source perturbation. Secondly, we consider hallucinations under corpus-level noise (without any source perturbation) and demonstrate that two prominent types of natural hallucinations (detached and oscillatory outputs) could be generated and explained through specific corpus-level noise patterns. Finally, we elucidate the phenomenon of hallucination amplification in popular data-generation processes such as Backtranslation and sequence-level Knowledge Distillation.

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  1. GOLFer: Smaller LM-Generated Documents Hallucination Filter & Combiner for Query Expansion in Information Retrieval

    cs.IR 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    GOLFer filters hallucinated sentences from small-LM-generated hypothetical documents and reweights the rest into the query, improving retrieval at lower cost than large LLM expansion.

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