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Modified Gravity and Cosmology: An Update by the CANTATA Network
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abstract
General Relativity and the $\Lambda$CDM framework are currently the standard lore and constitute the concordance paradigm. Nevertheless, long-standing open theoretical issues, as well as possible new observational ones arising from the explosive development of cosmology the last two decades, offer the motivation and lead a large amount of research to be devoted in constructing various extensions and modifications. All extended theories and scenarios are first examined under the light of theoretical consistency, and then are applied to various geometrical backgrounds, such as the cosmological and the spherical symmetric ones. Their predictions at both the background and perturbation levels, and concerning cosmology at early, intermediate and late times, are then confronted with the huge amount of observational data that astrophysics and cosmology are able to offer recently. Theories, scenarios and models that successfully and efficiently pass the above steps are classified as viable and are candidates for the description of Nature. This work is a Review of the recent developments in the fields of gravity and cosmology, presenting the state of the art, high-lighting the open problems, and outlining the directions of future research. Its realization was performed in the framework of the COST European Action ``Cosmology and Astrophysics Network for Theoretical Advances and Training Actions''.
Forward citations
Cited by 24 Pith papers
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Vacuum Gravity from Entropy: Stability, Spectra, and Exact Waves
The vacuum sector of Gravity from Entropy reduces at quadratic order to Einstein gravity plus RμνRμν terms, and the resulting linear spectrum contains a tachyonic opposite-residue spin-2 pole for the foundational coup...
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Degenerate and connection-dependent cosmological sectors in f(Q,C) gravity
Connection field equations force a degenerate f(R)-equivalent sector of f(Q,C) cosmology in which three geometric connections coincide, and only nonzero integration constants make the connections physically distinct.
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Thermodynamic formulation of Cotton gravity in the Codazzi parametrization
Horizon entropy in Cotton gravity is Bekenstein-Hawking plus a Codazzi correction whose sign diagnoses ordinary, vacuum, or phantom matter content.
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The cosmic web's Lyman-$\alpha$ glow at $z \approx 2.5$; hydrodynamic models, dust, and wide-field, narrow-band detection
Five cosmological simulations predict that the faint ultraviolet excess seen by the Condor telescope at z≈2.5 is Lyman-alpha light from the cosmic web, with measurable detection thresholds for wide-field surveys.
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Primordial black hole induced gravitational waves in $f(R)$ gravity
In R^(1+ε) gravity, exponential growth of scalar perturbations during a PBH-driven early matter era enhances the induced gravitational wave signal, with Ω_GW ∝ f on large scales.
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Corrections to inflationary models induced by non-minimal coupling between scalar field and curvature
Power-law non-minimal coupling F=(H/λ)^{2n} deforms inflationary potentials, shifts r and n_S while preserving n_T=-r/8 and GR-like reheating, enabling r(1-n_S) classification of models against Planck/ACT data.
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Einstein--Gauss--Bonnet Inflationary Cosmology in Phase-$\theta$ Formalism
Phase-θ formalism maps EGB inflation backgrounds to closed-form observables beyond slow-roll; Starobinsky+linear-GB fits ACT DR6 ns and r while predicting a DECIGO-accessible GW plateau.
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Modified Cosmology from Mass-to-Horizon Relation: Background Evolution
Viable generalized horizon entropies from the mass-to-horizon relation are restricted to a narrow neighborhood around the Bekenstein-Hawking law, yielding only Lambda-CDM-like background evolution.
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Accelerating scaling solutions from dark matter particle creation
Accelerating scaling attractors without dark energy appear only when the interaction is controlled by DM density and energy flows from DM to a barotropic fluid.
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Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations
Using exact non-Gaussian shift and posterior predictive tests, ΛsCDM improves CMB–BAO consistency and softens but does not resolve the Hubble tension, which persists at p≈4×10⁻⁴.
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Atomic clocks and gravitational waves as probes of non-metricity
The paper claims existing gravitational-wave data already bound Weyl non-metricity, α²ω̄0<10⁻⁶⁹ GeV, via backreaction of a Planck-scale Weyl field, but a dropped kinetic term numerically exceeds the assumed sensitivity.
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Hints Beyond $\Lambda$CDM from Barrow and Tsallis Holographic Dark Energy with GO cutoff
Barrow holographic dark energy with the Granda-Oliveros cutoff fits current background data as well as ΛCDM and shows a weak AIC preference only for the Union3-based dataset combination.
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Primordial black hole dark matter from ultra-slow-roll inflation in Horndeski gravity
A kinetic cubic Horndeski coupling creates an ultra-slow-roll phase that amplifies curvature perturbations enough to produce asteroid-mass primordial black holes, potentially 90% of dark matter.
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Cosmo-Learn: code for learning cosmology using different methods and mock data
An open-source toolkit that simulates late-universe cosmological observations and benchmarks MCMC, genetic algorithms, Gaussian processes, Bayesian ridge regression, and neural networks in one pipeline.
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Thermodynamics of FLRW universe in Quadratic Gravity
Quadratic-gravity terms are claimed to shift the thermodynamic phase structure of the FLRW apparent horizon, but the printed critical-radius formula does not follow from the paper's own equation of state.
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Cosmographic analysis of sign-switching dark energy
New sign-switching dark energy models with ladder, smooth-step and error-function profiles are introduced and compared, with continuous transitions shown to convert the Lambda_sCDM sudden singularity into a milder w-s...
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Three-form dark energy: constraints and multi-probe comparison with $\Lambda$CDM
Three-form dark energy with Gaussian potential is fitted to multi-probe cosmological data and shows mild statistical preference over ΛCDM only in heavily tensioned dataset combinations.
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Chaotic imprints of dark matter in extreme mass-ratio inspirals
A toy model shows that adding a hand-made angle-dependent force to dark-matter spacetimes produces visual chaos and irregular numerical-Kludge waveforms, but the force is not a realistic dark-matter perturbation.
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Branch structure and nonextensive thermodynamics of Kalb-Ramond-ModMax black holes: observational signatures
A multi-channel phenomenological study of Einstein-Kalb-Ramond-ModMax black holes whose Tsallis internal energy does not reduce to the black-hole mass in the standard-entropy limit.
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Friedmann cosmology with hyperfluids of constant equation of state
In metric-affine gravity with hyperfluids of constant equation of state, Friedmann evolution is modified by hypermomentum and depends on the constants linking hypermomentum to matter density.
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Non-singular bouncing cosmology in $f(T, \mathcal{T})$ gravity with energy condition violations
Two f(T,𝒯) gravity models with a bouncing scale factor produce non-singular bounces with NEC and SEC violations, but the dominant energy condition claim and Model II formulas contain errors.
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Quintessence dark energy model in non-linear $f(Q)$ theory with bulk-viscosity
A quadratic f(Q) gravity model with bulk viscosity is fitted to expansion data, but the reported Hubble-law formula contradicts the paper's own scale-factor solution.
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The Wave Function of the Universe and Inflation
Rearranging the Wheeler-DeWitt equation defines the inflaton potential in terms of an arbitrary wave-function phase and amplitude; nothing constrains that wave function, so the potential is relabeled rather than deriv...
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Cosmological solutions in $f(Q)$ gravity via Noether symmetry approach
Noether symmetry in f(Q) gravity yields only the standard pure power-law Lagrangian f(Q) ∝ Q^p, and the claimed power-law solutions, stability table, and Planck consistency fail the paper's own equations.
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