Complementary Vanadium Dioxide Metamaterials with Enhanced Modulation Amplitude at Terahertz Frequencies

One route to create tunable metamaterials is through integration with "on-demand" dynamic quantum materials, such as vanadium dioxide (VO2). This enables new modalities to create high performance devices for historically challenging applications. Indeed, dynamic materials have often been integrated with metamaterials to imbue artificial structures with some degree of tunability. Conversely, metamaterials can be used to enhance and extend the natural tuning range of dynamic materials. Utilizing a complementary split ring resonator array deposited on a VO2 film, we demonstrate enhanced terahertz transmission modulation upon traversing the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) at ~340 K. Our complementary metamaterial increases the modulation amplitude of the original VO2 film from 42% to 68.3% at 0.47 THz upon crossing the IMT, corresponding to an enhancement of 62.4%. Moreover, temperature dependent transmission measurements reveal a redshift of the resonant frequency arising from a giant increase of the permittivity of the VO2 film. Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory was employed to explain the permittivity change upon transitioning through the IMT. Our results highlight that symbiotic integration of metamaterial arrays with quantum materials provides a powerful approach to engineer emergent functionality.