Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-12T11:59:25.813128Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 286 outbound references and 100 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2305.10403.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-12T11:59:25.813128Z
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T21:56:29.065279Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z
100 of 286 outbound references displayed
External citation measurements
163
pith, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z
Observation 4283279a-3ff8-4032-acd9-ec90a42db331 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Persistent Anti-Muslim Bias in Large Language Models
Reference 1
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 540ecc19-2d88-4210-8a33-a0857c361075 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 2
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 865fd22a-26e2-4cde-8209-7e0e0bcbfd9e · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Guide to fair pay
Reference 3
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 93e222c8-971a-414d-b1ad-dd702364e0f9 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
Reference 5
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation cc995c39-8603-4f64-851c-8395acd08042 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Building Machine Translation Systems for the Next Thousand Languages
Reference 6
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 9700d75f-6520-4d43-ab9e-1ddc78873da5 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Pathways: Asynchronous distributed dataflow for ml
Reference 7
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 7cf26f4f-5508-4357-b8a4-7a466b49365b · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Fairness and machine learning limitations and opportunities
Reference 8
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 7fd33e8a-18cd-4603-93ff-ace7afd9bebb · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Duncan Wadsworth, and Hanna Wallach
Reference 9
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation d6184096-4fe8-4365-b67a-17dc3f3c9dc4 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Bender and Batya Friedman
Reference 10
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation b170a99a-dd13-4faa-9ab6-90ee0489a851 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Semantic parsing on F reebase from question-answer pairs
Reference 11
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation a52fbbd8-076e-4fc2-bf38-00ceddcbeb88 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Re-contextualizing Fairness in NLP: The Case of India
Reference 12
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 0f36b4dd-84a2-4cf7-844f-45718ebc08cd · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Reference 13
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 038cab58-1eb6-4277-94ec-ecf84269c492 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of "Bias" in NLP
Reference 14
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation e6ddddc1-5fd8-4bca-a9db-20a6facc2742 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report acl-main.485/
Reference 15
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 68a8bc79-704e-4e60-b58f-a70227e2d32f · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Nuanced Metrics for Measuring Unintended Bias with Real Data for Text Classification
Reference 16
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 0f6af5eb-203a-4846-8206-f8fa74f8ffd3 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 17
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 5c993dd7-ed28-4497-815b-116d3c4b1e87 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report J., Leary, C., Maclaurin, D., Necula, G., Paszke, A., Vander P las, J., Wanderman- M ilne, S., and Zhang, Q
Reference 18
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation f191a060-5c33-4a0c-9c7c-e224022fe5df · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 19
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 96cc844b-21a3-473a-a46f-71b9a8b67141 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report The secret sharer: Evaluating and testing unintended memorization in neural networks
Reference 20
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 6a21ac14-995c-4d41-b1ba-c953a81f411f · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report B., Song, D., Erlingsson, U., et al
Reference 21
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 87fe1014-37ec-420b-8c22-2f4b361fa9c3 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report J., Hale, P., and Wachs, F
Reference 23
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation d7c89f2b-45d1-4bec-b03d-170048736f2f · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Question directed graph attention network for numerical reasoning over text
Reference 24
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 1988be4a-303e-4b78-b244-7a6887392434 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways
Reference 26
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 1ca49281-b8cb-42c9-a8d8-8b97ffc29167 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models
Reference 27
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 878c2c9a-f332-49fa-a3b5-2c7686b0bea9 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report H., Choi, E., Collins, M., Garrette, D., Kwiatkowski, T., Nikolaev, V., and Palomaki, J
Reference 28
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 6d68e4e2-5c77-430b-a467-13b4095e6ef2 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge
Reference 29
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 22a8ca82-9a36-456a-ae0f-b32c0afde745 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics
Reference 31
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 788dc7d7-949b-4278-b341-fed376be9f83 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 32
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation f4eee62c-9fde-4e8e-8eb7-2d83959a2f91 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 33
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 3886b0fb-09fd-46c0-bee8-e16a3e6649be · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 34
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 88b4edab-1884-4890-a8ad-c885647ba285 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Harms of Gender Exclusivity and Challenges in Non-Binary Representation in Language Technologies
Reference 35
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 4e859c6b-fb0c-419c-9ce5-f1923676abcf · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report On Measures of Biases and Harms in NLP
Reference 36
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation ee6c1d3e-e4d8-4bef-9af1-fa846ce1025a · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report BERT : P re-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Reference 37
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 3957b068-2b95-4b06-a971-c433af0580d1 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report CrowdWorkSheets: Accounting for Individual and Collective Identities Underlying Crowdsourced Dataset Annotation
Reference 38
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 0efdb439-208e-48b1-959b-56231c25a2f5 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Build it Break it Fix it for Dialogue Safety: Robustness from Adversarial Human Attack
Reference 39
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation f33884dc-fc85-447c-b06d-8a7283c13dc6 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Documenting large webtext corpora: A case study on the colossal clean crawled corpus
Reference 40
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 470adb7a-1458-442b-8356-efc98aa84487 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report GLaM: Efficient Scaling of Language Models with Mixture-of-Experts
Reference 41
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 014ab1a2-7504-4e93-aa4c-1ca1ca4de4b8 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Dua, D., Wang, Y ., Dasigi, P., Stanovsky, G., Singh, S., and Gardner, M
Reference 42
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 764c946c-bfb1-4680-8a61-20feb943587f · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Experts, errors, and context: A large-scale study of human evaluation for machine translation
Reference 44
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 39aaa91f-bbb8-40c3-8ae0-0a915a8a1b1b · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Unresolved cited work
Reference 45
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation fcf52587-399d-4807-bed4-01d29541eb61 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned
Reference 46
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 376b508b-ebf6-4fbe-aab3-18a8a8703210 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes
Reference 47
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 2a731620-0d76-4f95-a2cb-e706b2cfc537 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Handling Bias in Toxic Speech Detection: A Survey
Reference 48
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation 2b76cbad-ca4b-4fd8-9771-df59f2564f45 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report W., Wallach, H., au2, H
Reference 49
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation a0a97479-5d05-4348-8658-12f799194adb · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report doi: 10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.301
Reference 50
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation d2b0f458-2379-4278-bacd-89aa8959714c · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Your AI pair programmer, October 2021
Reference 52
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 7d6d9625-e4ed-40c1-a1fd-606bc9cb6f16 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements
Reference 53
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation fb06d356-f110-42f1-b59a-d7071650bce8 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report doi: 10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.150
Reference 54
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 6f946474-b3ee-4a6c-a8ff-a1f324e84c37 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Our principles
Reference 55
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 7ae9a893-2d45-403f-bbfc-90eacd3d62c4 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Generative ai prohibited use policy, 2023 a
Reference 56
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 812d5b5c-df2a-4de8-b456-11ce5184ee86 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Palm api and makersuite additional terms of service, 2023 b
Reference 57
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 9a76e818-6baa-4a9d-a08b-cdadaf9625e8 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Is Your Toxicity My Toxicity? Exploring the Impact of Rater Identity on Toxicity Annotation
Reference 58
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 5cfa01f3-fc9e-4ba4-a802-eb6498f7bcf6 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Generating sequences with recurrent neural networks
Reference 59
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 00ae06c7-0db3-408b-91ce-efde5df5f610 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report & Smith-Loud, J
Reference 60
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation dd789f3e-36f3-4e94-ae52-41c9745534b1 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Saiful Islam, Kazi Mubasshir, Yuan-Fang Li, Yong-Bin Kang, M
Reference 61
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 5f6ee6fb-56b2-4ecf-a0dd-96bcba6d4ec7 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report A., Burns, K., Saenko, K., Darrell, T., and Rohrbach, A
Reference 62
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 4809bb19-4419-4425-b025-a63bdea05e55 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Long short -term memory
Reference 64
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 85bc7124-dea5-42e9-b05e-e4d7e9bafd55 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models
Reference 65
Source-reported events for the cited work
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Observation cfc080c5-9ffd-4d46-8d0d-c81f577c19ff · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report In: Gurevych, I., Miyao, Y
Reference 66
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 6264a81f-6bf2-41b7-876c-bab1d556c2bb · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report and Collins, E
Reference 67
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 46ffd96e-e62f-463c-a707-95f93608e322 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models
Reference 68
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 80aaa520-36d0-4fc7-8e33-e4cc2038ce32 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Jacobs and Hanna Wallach
Reference 70
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation c358feda-6c3f-4b1d-bc5f-a858cb123fc5 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation
Reference 72
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 13b64ec5-596a-4a3a-aac4-17e70d1a906c · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Toxic comment classification challenge
Reference 73
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation c587b611-60ff-48d9-8d18-c80a692a5064 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Exploring the role of human raters in creating nlp datasets, 2019 a
Reference 74
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation f30def12-64c4-4812-8ae2-297ef642b2c2 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Jigsaw multilingual toxic comment classification, 2019 b
Reference 75
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 1372346e-0858-41de-bbf0-9519baa5211e · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report TriviaQA: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Reference 76
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation a31e40be-eba9-4463-9fa3-fa9ff9630faa · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report P., Yoon, D
Reference 77
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 14cc969d-7386-42a1-a8f9-bc9ac4e41d3b · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report The Misgendering Machines: Trans/HCI Imp lications of Automatic Gender Recognition
Reference 79
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 421f73ef-95b9-4efa-97fd-f9dc49ac5cb5 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report and Ney, H
Reference 80
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 0ab04410-659c-444b-8533-dde4ed21bf8d · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Pretraining Language Models with Human Preferences
Reference 81
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation fdc75931-eb14-4034-9afe-fee1af3dbd48 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Quality at a glance: An audit of web-crawled multilingual datasets
Reference 82
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 67325374-9811-4c8d-81b0-6d0df8bf2cb9 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov
Reference 83
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 918b1e98-5d05-40f5-9660-84d0f03d3e92 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report W iki L ingua: A new benchmark dataset for cross-lingual abstractive summarization
Reference 84
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 218c9215-81f0-4b2f-ae68-c0c9caff7eb0 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report doi: 10.18653/v1/D17-1082
Reference 85
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation e85d0b34-9202-4206-bdd6-2d1df240c302 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Welcome, singular "they"
Reference 86
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 19e147d3-c722-4136-8e0a-0f8e1dffda74 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report URL https://aclanthology.org/2021
Reference 88
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 0a7d8d4b-c1f3-463b-bcb2-10e90b39f0ab · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report The winograd schema challenge
Reference 89
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation ccaf4683-caab-4354-85e0-1b4d6528f6c1 · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report Holistic Evaluation of Language Models
Reference 91
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.
Observation 6a9d8022-4806-4004-a433-e4cbbe58ea2f · outbound
PaLM 2 Technical Report The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning
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