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ACE: A fast, skillful learned global atmospheric model for climate prediction

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arxiv 2310.02074 v2 pith:4USEIX6E submitted 2023-10-03 physics.ao-ph cs.LG

classification physics.ao-phcs.LG
keywords climatemodelatmosphericemulatorexistingglobalmoisturenearly
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Existing ML-based atmospheric models are not suitable for climate prediction, which requires long-term stability and physical consistency. We present ACE (AI2 Climate Emulator), a 200M-parameter, autoregressive machine learning emulator of an existing comprehensive 100-km resolution global atmospheric model. The formulation of ACE allows evaluation of physical laws such as the conservation of mass and moisture. The emulator is stable for 100 years, nearly conserves column moisture without explicit constraints and faithfully reproduces the reference model's climate, outperforming a challenging baseline on over 90% of tracked variables. ACE requires nearly 100x less wall clock time and is 100x more energy efficient than the reference model using typically available resources. Without fine-tuning, ACE can stably generalize to a previously unseen historical sea surface temperature dataset.

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Cited by 12 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 29 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Spatial Generalization Tests for Machine Learning-based Weather Models to Assess Physical Consistency

    physics.ao-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Rotating or reversing the simulated planet reveals that GraphCast and NeuralGCM encode present-day geography rather than spatially invariant physics, while a traditional GCM passes the same tests to numerical precision.

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    Supervising only the corrected output of a hard water-budget corrector hides raw-precipitation amplitude drift, letting the required correction grow from 2% to 24% while delivered fields stay exactly conservative.

  3. FourCastNet 3: A geometric approach to probabilistic machine-learning weather forecasting at scale

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    A purely convolutional, spherical-geometry weather model trained with a combined spatial and spectral CRPS loss delivers GenCast-level skill, IFS-beating accuracy, and stable spectra out to 60 days.

  4. Aircast-Mars: A Mars Foundation Model for Global Weather Forecasting with HEALPix-Aware Convolutions

    physics.ao-ph 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A 4.3-million-parameter HEALPix-aware U-Net trained on EMARS reanalysis forecasts Mars temperature and winds stably for 25 hours at ~110 km resolution.

  5. A PMP-inspired Evaluation Framework for Assessing Deep-Learning Earth System Models

    physics.ao-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    The paper presents a PMP-based evaluation framework to test deep-learning Earth system models on climatology and modes of variability using observational data.

  6. Physics constraints and response validation in discrete-time reduced-order modeling: from idealized turbulent systems to climate dynamics

    nlin.CD 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    A framework builds stable neural models of turbulent dynamics by enforcing energy-preserving nonlinearities and causal constraints in discrete-time flow maps, demonstrated on Charney-DeVore and Lorenz-96 systems.

  7. MoWE : A Mixture of Weather Experts

    cs.LG 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    MoWE, a ViT-based gating network, combines forecasts from Pangu, Aurora, and FCN3 with per-grid-point weights and beats each expert and the simple mean in RMSE.

  8. LUCIE-3D: A three-dimensional climate emulator for forced responses

    cs.LG 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A lightweight 3D climate emulator trained on 30 years of reanalysis reproduces CO2-driven surface warming and stratospheric cooling with long-term stability.

  9. GEN2: A Generative Prediction-Correction Framework for Long-time Emulations of Spatially-Resolved Climate Extremes

    physics.comp-ph 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A generative Gaussian-plus-diffusion emulator trained on one CMIP6 SSP585 realization reproduces extreme temperature statistics under other emission scenarios.

  10. Generative Lagrangian data assimilation for ocean dynamics under extreme sparsity

    physics.ao-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A neural operator-conditioned diffusion model reconstructs ocean surface states with high-wavenumber fidelity from 99% to 99.9% sparse observations, outperforming standard UNET and FNO baselines.

  11. The Equilibrium Response of Atmospheric Machine-Learning Models to Uniform Sea Surface Temperature Warming

    physics.ao-ph 2025-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Under uniform +2 K SST warming, ML atmospheric emulators reproduce precipitation changes but show deficient land warming, upper-tropospheric warming, and radiative responses compared with the AM4 GCM.

  12. On the Genealogy of Machine Learning Weather Prediction

    physics.ao-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.5 of 10

    ML weather prediction inherited NWP’s IVP framing, so model choice should explicitly align with either physical system structure or data statistical structure rather than defaulting to learned time-steppers.

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