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Emergence of Species Scale Black Hole Horizons
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abstract
The scale at which quantum gravity becomes manifest, the species scale $\Lambda_s$, has recently been argued to take values parametrically lower than the Planck scale. We use black holes of vanishing horizon area (small black holes) in effective field theories coupled to quantum gravity to shed light on how the three different physical manifestations of the species scale $\Lambda_s$ relate to each other. (i) Near the small black hole core, a scalar field runs to infinite distance in moduli space, a regime in which the Swampland Distance Conjecture predicts a tower of exponentially light states, which lower $\Lambda_s$. (ii) We integrate out modes in the tower and generate via Emergence a set of higher derivative corrections, showing that $\Lambda_s$ is the scale at which such terms become relevant. (iii) Finally, higher derivative terms modify the black hole solution and grant it a non-zero, species scale sized stretched horizon of radius $\Lambda_s^{-1}$, showcasing the species scale as the size of the smallest possible black hole describable in the effective theory. We present explicit 4d examples of small black holes in 4d $\mathcal{N}=2$ supergravity, and the 10d example of type IIA D0-branes. The emergence of the species scale horizon for D0-branes requires a non-trivial interplay of different 8-derivative terms in type IIA and M-theory, providing a highly non-trivial check of our unified description of the different phenomena associated to the species scale.
Forward citations
Cited by 10 Pith papers
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Black Hole Entropy, Quantum Corrections and EFT Transitions
Quantum corrections to BPS black hole entropy in 4d N=2 string compactifications can be resummed into a finite formula that interpolates between four- and five-dimensional EFT descriptions and matches exact 5d microst...
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The Double EFT Expansion in Quantum Gravity
Quantum gravity EFT actions organize higher-curvature corrections into a field-theoretic expansion suppressed by the lightest new mass and a quantum-gravitational expansion suppressed by the species scale.
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EFT & Species Scale: Friends or foes?
A detailed one-loop derivation shows that the species scale can be computed consistently with infinite convergent towers of states, resolving an apparent tension between infinite towers and effective field theory.
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Kaluza-Klein tower thresholds and scheme dependence of the species scale
Leading KK-tower local corrections to four-derivative gravity are regulator-dependent EFT matching data, while log N terms are universal within proper-time cutoffs, so species-scale definitions match only parametrically.
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Classical Black Hole Probes of UV Scales
Minimal classical BPS black holes in string compactifications track the species or KK scale in infinite-distance limits, and violations may signal inconsistent EFTs.
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Relative Quantum Gravity: Localized Gravity and the Swampland
Localized gravity theories can violate swampland constraints, but satisfy them when defined relative to a higher-dimensional gravity completion, dubbed relative quantum gravity.
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Moduli Space Quantum Mechanics
Moduli-space geometry induces effective potentials that localize excited quantum wavefunctions in the bulk with positive energies, even for classically runaway potentials.
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Breaking Free from the Swampland of Impossible Universes through the DESI Portal
DESI data indicating evolving dark energy may allow string theory to describe observed universes without violating swampland constraints on constant dark energy.
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A short overview on the Black Hole-Tower Correspondence and Species Thermodynamics
A review of the black hole-tower correspondence and species thermodynamics, which aim to explain black hole entropy via towers of light states and to show only certain towers are allowed.
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On the Origin and Fate of Our Universe
A review of Swampland constraints on positive scalar potentials that would cap inflation at about 10^9 GeV and limit the dark-energy era to about two trillion years, if the TransPlanckian Censorship Conjecture is true.
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