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TEMPO: Prompt-based Generative Pre-trained Transformer for Time Series Forecasting

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arxiv 2310.04948 v3 pith:KUJUI2MU submitted 2023-10-08 cs.LG cs.CL

classification cs.LGcs.CL
keywords seriestimetempodatasetsperformancepre-trainedacrossarchitectures
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The past decade has witnessed significant advances in time series modeling with deep learning. While achieving state-of-the-art results, the best-performing architectures vary highly across applications and domains. Meanwhile, for natural language processing, the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) has demonstrated impressive performance via training one general-purpose model across various textual datasets. It is intriguing to explore whether GPT-type architectures can be effective for time series, capturing the intrinsic dynamic attributes and leading to significant accuracy improvements. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, TEMPO, that can effectively learn time series representations. We focus on utilizing two essential inductive biases of the time series task for pre-trained models: (i) decomposition of the complex interaction between trend, seasonal and residual components; and (ii) introducing the design of prompts to facilitate distribution adaptation in different types of time series. TEMPO expands the capability for dynamically modeling real-world temporal phenomena from data within diverse domains. Our experiments demonstrate the superior performance of TEMPO over state-of-the-art methods on zero shot setting for a number of time series benchmark datasets. This performance gain is observed not only in scenarios involving previously unseen datasets but also in scenarios with multi-modal inputs. This compelling finding highlights TEMPO's potential to constitute a foundational model-building framework.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Reprogramming Vision Foundation Models for Spatio-Temporal Forecasting

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    ST-VFM reprograms frozen vision foundation models with temporal-aware token adapters and cross-prompt coordination, and reports state-of-the-art results on ten spatio-temporal forecasting benchmarks.

  2. TSRouter: Dynamic Modality-Model Selection for Time Series Reasoning

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    A heterogeneous-graph router jointly selects the optimal modality (text, vision, or both) and model per time series query, beating prior routing baselines and generalizing to unseen models and tasks.

  3. A Cost-Effective Multimodal LLM Reasoning Framework for Question Answering over Irregular Clinical Time Series

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ClinPRISM reaches 49.83% average accuracy on CLIR-Bench irregular clinical time-series QA using a 4B LLM, 16 temporal tokens, and 0.15 s/question.

  4. Taming Text-to-Sounding Video Generation via Advanced Modality Condition and Interaction

    cs.CV 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Separating the text condition into a video caption and a visually grounded audio caption, and fusing the diffusion towers with dual cross-attention, gives the reported-best text-to-sounding-video quality and synchroni...

  5. Mobile Traffic Prediction using LLMs with Efficient In-context Demonstration Selection

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  6. Hopformer: Homogeneity-Pursuit Transformer for Time Series Forecasting

    stat.ML 2026-07 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A two-stage forecaster (SPA trend extraction + LoRA-fine-tuned residual Transformer) that the paper claims beats prior models by 6.56% MASE, though the claim is not robust to its own extended baseline tables.

  7. BALM-TSF: Balanced Multimodal Alignment for LLM-Based Time Series Forecasting

    cs.AI 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    BALM-TSF combines a statistical-prompt text branch with a patch-based time series branch, using scaling plus contrastive alignment to balance the two modalities, improving long-term and few-shot forecasting on five of...

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    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    LSDM predicts next-hour mobile traffic per app category by feeding a diffusion model with satellite imagery, POI counts, and LLM-generated text descriptions, outperforming eight baselines on a single real-world dataset.

  9. Causal Graph Fuzzy LLMs: A First Introduction and Applications in Time Series Forecasting

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    CGF-LLM combines fuzzy time series and PCMCI causal graphs into text input for fine-tuned GPT-2, reporting improved one-step-ahead forecast NRMSE and a reduction in token count on four datasets.

  10. Fusing Large Language Models with Temporal Transformers for Time Series Forecasting

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A gated fusion of GPT-2 semantic features and a PatchTST-style Transformer encoder improves average MSE/MAE slightly on ETT, Weather, and ILI, while losing to PatchTST on four of the six datasets.

  11. Fourier Basis Mapping: A Time-Frequency Learning Framework for Time Series Forecasting

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using Fourier basis expansion to build time-frequency features improves long-term and short-term time series forecasting across linear, MLP, and transformer backbones.

  12. On Identifying Why and When Foundation Models Perform Well on Time-Series Forecasting Using Automated Explanations and Rating

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    On four public datasets, Gradient Boosting with hand-built features beat Chronos, Llama, and ARIMA on most accuracy metrics, while Chronos only led on financial sMAPE.

  13. Foundation Models for Demand Forecasting via Dual-Strategy Ensembling

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A dual ensemble of hierarchical partitions and diverse backbones improves foundation-model sales forecasts on M5 and three external datasets, though the zero-shot protocol is under-specified.

  14. Large Language models for Time Series Analysis: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

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    A review of LLM-based time series analysis that proposes several taxonomies, but is undermined by citation errors and a lack of systematic methodology.

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