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Guiding Language Model Reasoning with Planning Tokens

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arxiv 2310.05707 v4 pith:ZKO4P5EB submitted 2023-10-09 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords reasoningmodelabilityfine-tuninggenerationlanguagellmsparameters
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted considerable interest for their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, such as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, most of the existing approaches to enhance this ability rely heavily on data-driven methods, while neglecting the structural aspects of the model's reasoning capacity. To encourage a more structural generation of CoT steps, we propose a hierarchical generation scheme: we let the LM generate a planning token at the start of each reasoning step, intuitively serving as a high-level plan of the current step, and add their embeddings to the model parameters. Our approach requires a negligible increase in trainable parameters (0.001%) and can be applied through either full fine-tuning or a more parameter-efficient scheme. We demonstrate our method's effectiveness by applying it to three different LLMs, showing notable accuracy improvements across three math word problem datasets and one multihop QA dataset with respect to standard fine-tuning baselines.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. DiscoLoop: Looping Discrete Embeddings and Continuous Hidden States for Multi-hop Reasoning

    cs.CL 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    DiscoLoop adds a discrete embedding channel to looped transformers to fix representational misalignment in two-hop reasoning, yielding near-perfect accuracy on synthetic tasks and better pretraining loss on real data.

  2. $PD^3F$: A Pluggable and Dynamic DoS-Defense Framework Against Resource Consumption Attacks Targeting Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    PD3F combines a resource-based reputation scheduler with an early-termination logit adjustment to mitigate long-generation DoS attacks on LLMs.

  3. Soft Thinking: Unlocking the Reasoning Potential of LLMs in Continuous Concept Space

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A training-free method that feeds probability-weighted token embeddings back into LLMs during reasoning, improving accuracy and token efficiency on math and coding tasks.

  4. Towards Concise and Adaptive Thinking in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review that categorizes methods for shortening and adaptively triggering chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models.

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