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Dust evolution in protoplanetary disks

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arxiv 2310.09077 v2 pith:NWFS7L3Z submitted 2023-10-13 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR

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keywords dustdiskexistformationplanetalmabarriersbeen
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Planet formation models rely on knowledge of the physical conditions and evolutionary processes in protoplanetary disks, in particular the grain size distribution and dust growth timescales. In theoretical models, several barriers exist that prevent grain growth to pebble sizes and beyond, such as the radial drift and fragmentation. Pressure bumps have been proposed to overcome such barriers. In the past decade ALMA has revealed observational evidence for the existence of such pressure bumps in the form of dust traps, such as dust rings, gaps, cavities and crescents through high-resolution millimeter continuum data originating from thermal dust emission of pebble-sized dust grains. These substructures may be related to young protoplanets, either as the starting point or the consequence of early planet formation. Furthermore, disk dust masses have been measured for complete samples of young stars in clusters, which provide initial conditions for the solid mass budget available for planet formation. However, observational biases exist in the selection of high-resolution ALMA observations and uncertainties exist in the derivation of the disk dust mass, which both may affect the observed trends. This chapter describes the latest insights in dust evolution and disk continuum observations. Specifically, disk populations and evolutionary trends are described, as well as the uncertainties therein, and compared with exoplanet demographics.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

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  2. Clusters of tribocharged dust aggregates as pebbles in protoplanetary disks

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    Charged porous dust aggregates collide at about 1 cm/s and form compact clusters up to 2 cm in drop tower experiments.

  3. The centimeter emission from planet-forming disks in Taurus

    astro-ph.EP 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Centimeter-wavelength VLA observations of 21 Taurus disks show ubiquitous free-free emission and a steepening of dust spectral indices, indicating much of the inner disk is optically thick at millimeter wavelengths.

  4. The ALMA Survey of Gas Evolution of PROtoplanetary Disks (AGE-PRO): VI. Comparison of Dust Evolution Models to AGE-PRO Observations

    astro-ph.EP 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    AGE-PRO observations of 30 disks favor dust evolution models with weak or strong dust traps, while pure viscous evolution fails to reproduce observed gas masses.

  5. Ionized gas emission in protoplanetary disks with the SKAO

    astro-ph.SR 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Synthetic SKA-Mid observations of simulated MHD and photoevaporative disk winds show that free-free emission is detectable in hours and stacked hydrogen recombination lines are spectrally resolvable in ~10 hours.

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