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MOKA: Open-World Robotic Manipulation through Mark-Based Visual Prompting

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arxiv 2403.03174 v3 pith:5SHS3NJV submitted 2024-03-05 cs.RO cs.AI

classification cs.ROcs.AI
keywords manipulationmokaopen-worldapproachpromptingroboticsolvetasks
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Open-world generalization requires robotic systems to have a profound understanding of the physical world and the user command to solve diverse and complex tasks. While the recent advancement in vision-language models (VLMs) has offered unprecedented opportunities to solve open-world problems, how to leverage their capabilities to control robots remains a grand challenge. In this paper, we introduce Marking Open-world Keypoint Affordances (MOKA), an approach that employs VLMs to solve robotic manipulation tasks specified by free-form language instructions. Central to our approach is a compact point-based representation of affordance, which bridges the VLM's predictions on observed images and the robot's actions in the physical world. By prompting the pre-trained VLM, our approach utilizes the VLM's commonsense knowledge and concept understanding acquired from broad data sources to predict affordances and generate motions. To facilitate the VLM's reasoning in zero-shot and few-shot manners, we propose a visual prompting technique that annotates marks on images, converting affordance reasoning into a series of visual question-answering problems that are solvable by the VLM. We further explore methods to enhance performance with robot experiences collected by MOKA through in-context learning and policy distillation. We evaluate and analyze MOKA's performance on various table-top manipulation tasks including tool use, deformable body manipulation, and object rearrangement.

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Forward citations

Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Weights or Skills? A Survey of Robot-Learning Techniques: from Action-Predicting Weights to Robots that Write their Own Skills

    cs.RO 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A taxonomy of robot learning on a weights-versus-skills axis, with a five-rung self-improvement ladder whose top cell (feedback plus memory plus search) holds only a few recent systems.

  2. World Action Planner: Generalizable Decision-Making with Action-Conditioned World Models

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pairing VLM-generated action proposals with rollouts from a pose-image-conditioned video world model yields high success rates in novel simulated manipulation tasks without end-to-end policy retraining.

  3. PLanAR: Planning-Language-Grounded Agentic Reasoning for Robot Manipulation

    cs.RO 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    AgenticLab's closed-loop planning-language pipeline lets different vision-language models drive a real robot, and benchmark tests show action-verification quality, not planning, determines long-horizon success.

  4. EVE: A Generator-Verifier System for Generative Policies

    cs.RO 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Zero-shot VLM verifiers, ensembled and fused via guided diffusion, improve frozen generative robot policies' success rates by 1-2 percentage points on simulated manipulation tasks.

  5. VLM-TDP: VLM-guided Trajectory-conditioned Diffusion Policy for Robust Long-Horizon Manipulation

    cs.RO 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    VLM-TDP guides a diffusion-based robot policy with VLM-generated voxel trajectories, improving success rates by roughly 30-44% and adding robustness to noise and scene changes.

  6. T-Rex: Task-Adaptive Spatial Representation Extraction for Robotic Manipulation with Vision-Language Models

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A zero-training framework that adaptively selects spatial representation extractors per object and per task stage improves real-world robot manipulation success and efficiency over fixed-representation baselines.

  7. UAD: Unsupervised Affordance Distillation for Generalization in Robotic Manipulation

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    UAD distills affordance knowledge from vision-language models and DINOv2 features into a lightweight task-conditioned model that predicts pixel-level manipulation regions and improves few-shot imitation learning gener...

  8. Seeing is Not Reasoning: MVPBench for Graph-based Evaluation of Multi-path Visual Physical CoT

    cs.CV 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new multi-image benchmark and graph-based scoring method show that MLLMs produce weak, poorly-grounded chains of thought on visual physics tasks, and that RL post-training can degrade spatial reasoning.

  9. A Real-to-Sim-to-Real Approach to Robotic Manipulation with VLM-Generated Iterative Keypoint Rewards

    cs.RO 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    IKER uses VLM-generated keypoint rewards to train manipulation policies in simulation that transfer to a real robot, enabling multi-step tasks and replanning.

  10. IMBench: A Benchmark for Intuitive Robotic Manipulation

    cs.RO 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    IMBench is a 35-task robosuite benchmark with a three-stage evaluation showing current VLMs and robot policies fail to convert physical reasoning into executable manipulation.

  11. Bridging Perception and Action: Spatially-Grounded Mid-Level Representations for Robot Generalization

    cs.RO 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A mixture-of-experts diffusion policy conditioned on object, pose, depth, and trajectory mid-level representations is reported to outperform language-only and representation-free baselines on bimanual dexterous tasks,...

  12. OpenTie: Open-vocabulary Sequential Rebar Tying System

    cs.RO 2025-08 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A claimed training-free rebar tying pipeline based on point clouds and open-vocabulary detection, but the reported evaluation is too vague to verify the claimed 90% success.

  13. Spatial RoboGrasp: Generalized Robotic Grasping Control Policy

    cs.RO 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Spatial RoboGrasp combines AugFusion, monocular depth, and grasp prompts in a diffusion policy, claiming large gains under exposure change, without released artifacts or error bars.

  14. CodeDiffuser: Attention-Enhanced Diffusion Policy via VLM-Generated Code for Instruction Ambiguity

    cs.RO 2025-06

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