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Ducci on $\mathbb{Z}_m^n$ and the Maximum Length for $n$ Odd
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abstract
Define the Ducci function $D: \mathbb{Z}_m^n \to \mathbb{Z}_m^n$ so \[D(x_1,x_2, ...,x_n)=(x_1+x_2 \;\text{mod} \; m, x_2+x_3 \; \text{mod} \; m, ..., x_n+x_1 \; \text{mod} \; m).\] Call $\{D^{\alpha}(\mathbf{u})\}_{\alpha=0}^{\infty}$ the Ducci sequence of $\mathbf{u}$. Because $\mathbb{Z}_m^n$ is finite, every Ducci sequence will enter a cycle. In this paper, we will prove that if $n$ is odd and $m=2^lm_1$ where $m_1$ is odd, then the longest it will take for a Ducci sequence to enter its cycle is $l$ iterations. Furthermore, we will prove the set of all tuples in a cycle for $\mathbb{Z}_m^n$ is $\{(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n) \in \mathbb{Z}_m^n \; \mid \; x_1+x_2+ \cdots +x_n \equiv 0 \; \text{mod} \; 2^l\}$.
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Cited by 1 Pith paper
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Values of Ducci Periods for Sequences on $\mathbb{Z}_m^n$
For n=m=p prime, the only Ducci periods are 1, the order of 2 modulo p (for constant tuples), and p times that order; for n=3 and m odd prime, all non-exceptional tuples realize the maximum period.
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