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Counting Like Transformers: Compiling Temporal Counting Logic Into Softmax Transformers

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arxiv 2404.04393 v2 pith:HB7S5PQS submitted 2024-04-05 cs.LO cs.CLcs.FLcs.LG

classification cs.LOcs.CLcs.FLcs.LG
keywords transformerscountingtextsfexpressivityformallogictemporaltext
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Deriving formal bounds on the expressivity of transformers, as well as studying transformers that are constructed to implement known algorithms, are both effective methods for better understanding the computational power of transformers. Towards both ends, we introduce the temporal counting logic $\textsf{K}_\text{t}$[#] alongside the RASP variant $\textsf{C-RASP}$. We show they are equivalent to each other, and that together they are the best-known lower bound on the formal expressivity of future-masked soft attention transformers with unbounded input size. We prove this by showing all $\textsf{K}_\text{t}$[#] formulas can be compiled into these transformers.

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Cited by 1 Pith paper

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  1. From Expressivity to Sample Complexity: Narrow Teachers for Transformers via C-RASP

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Embedding a narrow C-RASP teacher into a wider quantized Transformer yields sample complexity O((L d log Q)/ε) under posterior sampling of zero-training-error models.

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