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Visual Sketchpad: Sketching as a Visual Chain of Thought for Multimodal Language Models

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arxiv 2406.09403 v3 pith:FPKQ4GTM submitted 2024-06-13 cs.CV cs.CL

classification cs.CVcs.CL
keywords reasoningsketchpaddrawmodelsvisualtaskssketchingmultimodal
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Humans draw to facilitate reasoning: we draw auxiliary lines when solving geometry problems; we mark and circle when reasoning on maps; we use sketches to amplify our ideas and relieve our limited-capacity working memory. However, such actions are missing in current multimodal language models (LMs). Current chain-of-thought and tool-use paradigms only use text as intermediate reasoning steps. In this work, we introduce Sketchpad, a framework that gives multimodal LMs a visual sketchpad and tools to draw on the sketchpad. The LM conducts planning and reasoning according to the visual artifacts it has drawn. Different from prior work, which uses text-to-image models to enable LMs to draw, Sketchpad enables LMs to draw with lines, boxes, marks, etc., which is closer to human sketching and better facilitates reasoning. Sketchpad can also use specialist vision models during the sketching process (e.g., draw bounding boxes with object detection models, draw masks with segmentation models), to further enhance visual perception and reasoning. We experiment with a wide range of math tasks (including geometry, functions, graphs, and chess) and complex visual reasoning tasks. Sketchpad substantially improves performance on all tasks over strong base models with no sketching, yielding an average gain of 12.7% on math tasks, and 8.6% on vision tasks. GPT-4o with Sketchpad sets a new state of the art on all tasks, including V*Bench (80.3%), BLINK spatial reasoning (83.9%), and visual correspondence (80.8%). All codes and data are in https://visualsketchpad.github.io/.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    cs.CV 2025-05 reject novelty 7.0 of 10

    Point-RFT uses point-grounded chain-of-thought with GRPO reinforcement to improve chart reasoning, reporting 90.04% on ChartQA, though internal tables and the OOD setup weaken the claim.

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    Multimodal models usually pick relevant visual actions, but faithful rendering is the bottleneck, and corrupted visual feedback drops accuracy over 10 points in 3D tasks.

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    cs.CV 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A four-stage framework (convertibility check, question/reason generation, optimal pair selection, and template-based image generation) produces MCQs with image options from ScienceQA content.

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    SyncLoop jointly evolves multimodal training data and model capability through alternating SFT and RL, selecting error-prone samples to improve geometry reasoning.

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    MATP-BENCH pairs 1,056 multimodal math problems with formal theorem statements in Lean 4, Coq, and Isabelle; the strongest tested model solves only 5.68% of Lean 4 end-to-end proving tasks at pass@10.

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    A new 1,188-question multimodal benchmark covering deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning shows that leading MLLMs score around 60% and are especially weak at abductive reasoning.

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    cs.CV 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    VisTA uses GRPO reinforcement learning to train a vision-language agent to select external visual tools for a frozen reasoning model, improving accuracy on ChartQA, Geometry3K, BlindTest, and MathVerse.

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  11. Augmented Vision-Language Models: A Systematic Review

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    A structured taxonomy of inference-time augmentation techniques that connect vision-language models to external symbolic systems, tools, and knowledge sources.

  12. MINT-CoT: Enabling Interleaved Visual Tokens in Mathematical Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

    cs.CV 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    MINT-CoT-7B interleaves fine-grained visual tokens into each math reasoning step and reports 73.70 on MathVista-Math, 64.72 on GeoQA, and 69.6 on MMStar-Math.

  13. Advancing Multimodal Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning with Cold Start

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