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PAD: Personalized Alignment of LLMs at Decoding-Time

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arxiv 2410.04070 v7 pith:DEXH3U6E submitted 2024-10-05 cs.CL cs.AI

classification cs.CLcs.AI
keywords personalizedpreferencesalignmentacrossaligningbasedecoding-timediverse
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Aligning with personalized preferences, which vary significantly across cultural, educational, and political differences, poses a significant challenge due to the computational costs and data demands of traditional alignment methods. In response, this paper presents Personalized Alignment at Decoding-time (PAD), a novel framework designed to align LLM outputs with diverse personalized preferences during the inference phase, eliminating the need for additional training. By introducing a unique personalized reward modeling strategy, this framework decouples the text generation process from personalized preferences, facilitating the generation of generalizable token-level personalized rewards. The PAD algorithm leverages these rewards to guide the decoding process, dynamically tailoring the base model's predictions to personalized preferences. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that PAD not only outperforms existing training-based alignment methods in terms of aligning with diverse preferences but also shows significant generalizability to preferences unseen during training and scalability across different base models. This work advances the capability of LLMs to meet user needs in real-time applications, presenting a substantial step forward in personalized LLM alignment.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Representation-Based Exploration for Language Models: From Test-Time to Post-Training

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Representation-based elliptical bonuses improve inference-time and post-training pass@k for LLM reasoning, but the headline AIME result is tainted by validation/test overlap.

  2. Simultaneous Multi-objective Alignment Across Verifiable and Non-verifiable Rewards

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    MAHALO aligns LLMs to multiple objectives in one model via per-objective action heads and PRM-guided decoding, improving math, value, and tutoring metrics jointly.

  3. BiasFilter: An Inference-Time Debiasing Framework for Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    BiasFilter filters low-fairness segments during LLM generation using a reward model trained on a GPT-4-scored preference dataset, cutting bias on CEB and FairMT.

  4. Datasets and Recipes for Video Temporal Grounding via Reinforcement Learning

    cs.CV 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A supervised fine-tuning plus difficulty-filtered reinforcement learning recipe improves video temporal grounding on three benchmarks, with datasets and models released.

  5. A Survey on Training-free Alignment of Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-08 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey that catalogs and categorizes training-free LLM alignment methods into pre-decoding, in-decoding, and post-decoding, with a limited experimental comparison on one model.

  6. Detection, Classification, and Mitigation of Gender Bias in Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A Chinese gender-bias system using SFT, chain-of-thought, and DPO with GPT-4-generated preference pairs reports top validation scores and first place on all three NLPCC 2025 subtasks.

  7. Inverse Reinforcement Learning Meets Large Language Model Post-Training: Basics, Advances, and Opportunities

    cs.LG 2025-07 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

    A tutorial reviewing LLM alignment through the lens of inverse reinforcement learning, arguing that neural reward models learned from human data are central to post-training.

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