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Critical Tokens Matter: Token-Level Contrastive Estimation Enhances LLM's Reasoning Capability

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arxiv 2411.19943 v3 pith:7GZ7MPYY submitted 2024-11-29 cs.CL cs.AIcs.LG

classification cs.CLcs.AIcs.LG
keywords tokenscriticalreasoningdatasetsmodelscontrastivedeductiondemonstrate
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Mathematical reasoning tasks pose significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) because they require precise logical deduction and sequence analysis. In this work, we introduce the concept of critical tokens -- elements within reasoning trajectories that significantly influence incorrect outcomes. We present a novel framework for identifying these tokens through rollout sampling and demonstrate their substantial divergence from traditional error tokens. Through extensive experiments on datasets such as GSM8K and MATH500, we show that identifying and replacing critical tokens significantly improves model accuracy. We propose an efficient methodology for pinpointing these tokens in large-scale datasets using contrastive estimation and extend this framework to enhance model training processes with direct preference optimization (DPO). Experimental results on GSM8K and MATH500 benchmarks with the widely used models Llama-3 (8B and 70B) and Deepseek-math (7B) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, cDPO. Our results underscore the potential of leveraging critical tokens to reduce errors in reasoning tasks, advancing the development of AI systems capable of robust logical deduction. Our code, annotated datasets, and trained models are available at https://github.com/chenzhiling9954/Critical-Tokens-Matter to support and encourage future research in this promising field.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Rethinking On-Policy Self-Distillation for Thinking Models

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Privileged-context on-policy self-distillation degrades thinking models' long-budget accuracy by suppressing forking and self-correction behaviors, while helping instruction-tuned models.

  2. Embarrassingly Simple Self-Distillation Improves Code Generation

    cs.CL 2026-04 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Simple self-distillation—fine-tuning a code model on its own temperature-sampled, truncated outputs—raises LiveCodeBench pass@1 substantially without verifiers, teachers, or RL.

  3. Attention Illuminates LLM Reasoning: The Preplan-and-Anchor Rhythm Enables Fine-Grained Policy Optimization

    cs.CL 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLM attention maps reveal a preplan-and-anchor pattern, and reweighting RL credit toward the flagged tokens improves math/QA reasoning.

  4. Demystifying Reasoning Dynamics with Mutual Information: Thinking Tokens are Information Peaks in LLM Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Reasoning tokens like 'Hmm' and 'Wait' mark steps where a model's internal state carries unusually high dependence with the correct answer, and suppressing them hurts accuracy.

  5. Probability-Consistent Preference Optimization for Enhanced LLM Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    PCPO selects preference pairs by combining correct-answer status with token-level probability consistency, then trains with a weighted DPO+NLL loss, yielding small and partly inconsistent gains over outcome-only metho...

  6. RAST: Reasoning Activation in LLMs via Small-model Transfer

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Injecting the logit gap between a small RL-trained model and its base into a larger base model at decoding time improves reasoning accuracy on math and code benchmarks, sometimes matching or exceeding RL training of t...

  7. Reinforcing Video Reasoning with Focused Thinking

    cs.CV 2025-05 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    A GRPO variant with token-level KL weighting and partial-credit rewards improves video-QA on modified multi-answer benchmarks, but transfer to original single-answer benchmarks is not established.

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