Boundary value problems for 0-elliptic operators

Marco Usula

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 1 cited by

Boundary value problems for 0-elliptic operators

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read With the right boundary data, degenerate elliptic operators become Fredholm

desk verdict Serious, technically deep paper that introduces a genuinely new symbolic 0-calculus and flags its own soft spots honestly; deserves refereeing, but I would not yet take Theorem 1.1 as established because the global parametrix depends on an index-set coordinate invariance the paper admits is unresolved. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.06084 v1 pith:TVUKBE74 submitted 2024-12-08 math.AP math.DG

Marco Usula This is my paper · ORCID

classification math.APmath.DG MSC 35S1558J4035J70

keywords 0-ellipticoperatorsboundaryvalueproblemssymbolic0-calculusFredholmconformallycompactmanifoldsCalderonbundletwistedpseudodifferentialindicialroots

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

On a manifold with boundary, a 0-elliptic operator such as a Hodge Laplacian or Dirac operator on a conformally compact manifold is only semi-Fredholm when the weight is surjective but not injective: it hits almost everything but has an infinite kernel. The paper proves that prescribing the trace of the kernel projection through an elliptic boundary condition restores Fredholmness. The supplemented map $L \oplus Q A_L$ is shown to be Fredholm between weighted conormal spaces and smooth boundary sections. The proof is constructive: it builds left and right parametrices inside a new 'symbolic 0-calculus', whose operators are quantizations of polyhomogeneous symbols near the boundary rather than Schwartz kernels on blown-up double spaces.

What carries the argument

The central object is the symbolic 0-calculus: operators are defined locally near the boundary as oscillatory integrals of polyhomogeneous symbols on blown-up frequency model spaces, rather than as Schwartz kernels on blown-up double spaces. Its key actors are the trace map $A_L$, which extracts the critical-indicial-root coefficients of the orthogonal projection $P_1u$ onto the kernel of $L$ and packages them as a section of a bundle $E_L$; the endomorphism $s_L$ of $E_L$ whose eigenvalues are those roots, which makes the Bessel trace family twisted homogeneous; the Calderón bundle $C \subseteq \pi^*E_L$ over $T^*\partial X\setminus 0$ formed by the ranges of that family; and the twisted boundary calculus of pseudodifferential operators on $\partial X$ whose principal symbols are twisted homogeneous. The parametrix construction hinges on inverting, for every nonzero $\eta$, the model problem $\widehat{N}_\eta(L) \oplus \sigma_\eta(Q)\widehat{a}_{L,\eta}$.

What would settle it

Take a concrete 0-elliptic operator with several critical indicial roots, compute its Bessel trace family directly, and check that it is twisted homogeneous and has a range forming a smooth Calderón bundle; a failure of twisted homogeneity or a jump in the leading index set under coordinate changes would invalidate the parametrix construction. A cheaper check is to test whether the leading index set for the twisted symbolic trace class is preserved under coordinate changes, since the paper itself flags this as unresolved.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

In the paper's own terms, the central result is Theorem 1.1: for a 0-elliptic operator $L$ of order $m$ with constant indicial roots and a surjective, non-injective weight $\delta$, every elliptic boundary condition $Q$ in the twisted boundary calculus makes the map $L \oplus Q A_L : x^\delta H^\infty_b(X) \to x^\delta H^\infty_b(X) \oplus C^\infty(\partial X; W)$ Fredholm. Ellipticity of $Q$ means its principal symbol restricts, on each nonzero cotangent vector $\eta$, to an isomorphism from the Calderón space $C_\eta$ to the fiber of $W$. The parametrices are assembled from the inverse of the Bessel model problem $\widehat{N}_\eta(L) \oplus \sigma_\eta(Q)\widehat{a}_{L,\eta}$, and the calculus containing them is the symbolic 0-calculus, a frequency-space analogue of the 0-calculus equipped with twisted trace and Poisson operators and a twisted boundary calculus.

Load-bearing premise

The entire construction rests on a previously proved theorem, quoted rather than reproved, that the projection onto the kernel of $L$ is a well-behaved operator whose output has the asymptotic structure needed to define traces; if that theorem fails, the trace bundle and the ellipticity condition for $Q$ are not defined.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

The supplemented operator has closed range, finite-dimensional kernel, and finite-dimensional cokernel on the weighted spaces $x^\delta H^\infty_b(X)$.
The boundary value problem $Lu=v$, $QA_Lu=\phi$ is well-posed up to finite-dimensional obstructions: solvable for essentially every pair, with solutions essentially unique.
Because the parametrix lives in the symbolic 0-calculus, the proof yields elliptic regularity and mapping estimates alongside Fredholmness.
For operators such as the Hodge Laplacian on middle-degree forms of conformally compact manifolds, where no Fredholm weight exists, elliptic boundary conditions now become a usable tool.
The calculus is designed so that the same arguments should extend from 0-operators to edge operators when the indicial roots are constant.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the construction extends to edge operators as the paper expects, the same supplemented-operator recipe would give Fredholm boundary value problems for Dirac operators on edge manifolds with positive-dimensional base, where ordinary Fredholm weights are known to fail.
The twisted boundary calculus is a special case of a larger variable-order calculus; the constant-eigenvalue restriction suggests that relaxing it would require controlling logarithmic losses, which the paper flags as an open coordinate-invariance issue.
A natural testable consequence is that the index of $L\oplus QA_L$ should depend only on the homotopy class of the Calderón bundle and the principal symbol of $Q$, pointing toward an Atiyah–Patodi–Singer-type index formula for 0-elliptic operators.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

The paper is a serious and unusually self-aware attempt to finish the Mazzeo–Vertman program on elliptic boundary conditions for semi-Fredholm 0-elliptic operators. The genuinely new thing is the symbolic 0-calculus: instead of characterizing operators by polyhomogeneous kernels on blown-up double spaces, it works locally with oscillatory symbols on blown-up model spaces. That shift is not cosmetic. It lets the author handle compositions with boundary pseudodifferential operators, which the Schwartz-kernel approach struggles with, and it accommodates the twisted-homogeneous Bessel trace family. The twisted trace and Poisson classes, and the twisted boundary calculus, are new and well motivated. I also credit the paper for being explicit about what it does and does not do: it states the constant-indicial-roots assumption, says the variable-roots case needs work along the lines of Krainer–Mendoza, and openly refers to the author's earlier [Usu22] for corrections. Proposition 3.18 really proves the twisted homogeneity rather than imposing it.

Now the soft spots. The central Fredholm theorem, Theorem 1.1, is only stated imprecisely in the introduction; the precise versions are in Section 6, which was not visible in the manuscript I saw. I could not verify the parametrix construction end-to-end. More concerning is Remark 4.35. It says that the full front-face index set for the twisted trace and Poisson classes is not known to be coordinate-invariant, and only the leading set [E_ff] is tracked. The global parametrix in Theorem 6.3 has to assemble local parametrices into a global one, and the classes where the remainders land depend on those index sets. If coordinate changes alter the full index sets, the remainders could acquire uncontrolled front-face terms and fail to be compact. The paper says this will be discussed in §7.3, but that section is also absent from the provided text. So the gap is real, but it is explicitly flagged, not hidden. The stress-test note is right that this is load-bearing; it is not a technicality. But I would not call it fatal on the evidence I have. The author may well settle it in the missing sections.

Bottom line: this is a paper for specialists in degenerate elliptic operators and boundary value problems, and it deserves a serious referee. Send it to peer review, with a referee who can check Section 6 and Section 7.3 carefully. If the coordinate invariance works out, this is a major contribution. If it does not, the symbolic calculus still contains ideas worth publishing, but the main theorem would need a fix.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper develops a new 'symbolic 0-calculus' for 0-elliptic operators on compact manifolds with boundary, with the goal of constructing parametrices and proving Fredholmness in the semi-Fredholm, essentially surjective case. The main theorem (Theorem 1.1, with precise versions deferred to Theorems 6.3 and 6.13) states that if L is 0-elliptic with constant indicial roots and δ is a surjective, non-injective weight, then for an elliptic boundary condition Q in a twisted boundary pseudodifferential calculus, the supplemented operator L ⊕ Q A_L is Fredholm on x^δ H^∞_b(X) ⊕ C^∞(∂X; W). The proof is a parametrix construction, and the paper introduces several new classes of operators: symbolic 0-interior, 0-trace, 0-Poisson, and twisted variants carrying Bessel-family principal symbols. The manuscript works out the local symbol calculus, its relation to the earlier Schwartz-kernel 0-calculus, mapping properties, adjoints, and local composition theorems, and reduces the global Fredholm statement to invertibility of the Bessel model problem.

Significance. If the main theorem is correct, this is a substantial contribution: it provides a general Fredholm framework for 0-elliptic boundary value problems with non-invertible weights, going beyond the fully elliptic case treated by Mazzeo–Melrose and the earlier framework of Mazzeo–Vertman. The paper has real strengths: the twisted homogeneity of the Bessel trace family is proved (Proposition 3.18), not imposed; the Calderón bundle is defined from the range of the Bessel trace map rather than assumed; the Bessel family map is developed as a principal-symbol map with surjectivity onto homogeneous sections; and the local mapping and composition theorems are stated explicitly. The author is also unusually candid about limitations, especially in Remark 4.35. However, the global parametrix claim depends on coordinate invariance of the twisted front-face index sets and on the composition and parametrix arguments of Sections 5 and 6, and the reviewed text leaves a load-bearing coordinate-invariance question unresolved while referring to Section 7.3, which is not included.

major comments (3)

[§4.3, Remark 4.35; §6] Remark 4.35 explicitly states that the full front-face index set in Definitions 4.33 and 4.34 is not known to be invariant under coordinate changes, and that it is unclear whether the resulting index-set loss is an artifact of the method; the discussion is deferred to §7.3, which is not present in the reviewed manuscript. This is load-bearing, not cosmetic: the global parametrix construction in §6 (Theorems 6.3 and 6.13) assembles local twisted trace, Poisson, interior, and boundary operators, and Theorem 4.45 invokes the composition Theorem 5.17. If coordinate changes alter the full front-face index sets, the local pieces need not patch into a well-defined global twisted calculus, and the remainders that must be very residual—and hence compact on x^δ H^k_0—could acquire uncontrolled front-face contributions. The candor of Remark 4.35 does not resolve the issue; the manuscript needs a proof that the leading-set invariance suffices for the parametrix, or a precise statement of a weaker invariance property that is sufficient.
[§3.1.1 and §3.1.4; Theorems 3.1, 3.5, 3.8, 3.10] The trace map A_L, the Bessel trace family â_L, and the Calderón bundle are all built on Theorem 3.1 imported from [Maz91], specifically on the polyhomogeneity of P1 u with index set E_lf, the relation E_rf = E_lf − 2δ − 1, and the description E_ff0 = N ∪ I. The manuscript does not reprove this theorem, and Remark 3.6 notes that the trace uses a slightly redundant set of coefficients (µ, l) with l ≤ M̃_µ rather than l ≤ M_µ. Because ellipticity of a boundary condition Q is defined through the Calderón bundle, a failure of the imported expansion in the weak x^δ H^∞_b setting—particularly regarding logarithmic terms and the regularity of the coefficients—would make the boundary condition ill-posed. The authors should either state the exact form of Theorem 3.1 needed here with a precise pointer to where in [Maz91] it is proved, or supply the argument in the regularity class used in this paper.
[§5.5.1 and Theorem 4.45] The proof of Theorem 4.45 (elliptic twisted boundary operators admit parametrices) invokes the composition Theorem 5.17, but the reviewed text breaks off in the middle of §5.5.1, before the statement of Theorem 5.17, the twisted composition theorems, and the global parametrix argument of §6. Since the central claim of the paper is a parametrix-based Fredholm theorem, these missing parts are essential to verification. If the full arXiv version contains them, the review must be completed against that version; in the manuscript as provided, the main theorem cannot be checked beyond the model-problem reduction.

minor comments (4)

[§3.1.2] The symbol δ is used both for the fixed weight and for the infimum of the injective weights, and the critical strip is written as {Re(z) ∈ (δ, δ]}, which is confusing; the two objects should be denoted differently and the interval should be stated unambiguously.
[§4.1.2, Definition 4.7] The index set for trace symbols is written as (E_of, E_ff − 1, ∞, ∞) with a shift by −1 that is not explained at the point of definition; a cross-reference to the density convention used in §2 would help.
[Proposition 5.8] The statement mixes full index sets with leading sets, writing expressions such as F_ff := [E_ff] + 2δ; this should be rewritten to distinguish the leading set from the full index set.
[§5 and §6] Several references to §7.3, Theorem 5.17, Theorem 6.3, and Theorem 6.13 point to material absent from the reviewed text; these sections should be included or the references adjusted in any resubmission.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the Fredholm conclusion is obtained by a genuine parametrix construction; the only flagged issue is an unresolved coordinate-invariance gap, not a circular step.

full rationale

The paper's central claim (Theorem 1.1, sharpened in Theorems 6.3 and 6.13) is that if the Bessel model problem is invertible in the appropriate symbolic sense, then the supplemented operator L ⊕ QAL is Fredholm. That implication is proved by constructing explicit left and right parametrices inside the symbolic 0-calculus. The model problem N̂η(L) ⊕ ση(Q)âL,η is derived from L and Q rather than imposed: âL,η is defined from the Bessel trace of N̂η(P1) with P1 the orthogonal projector onto the kernel of L, and the twisted homogeneity of âL is proved in Proposition 3.18 using Lemma 3.16, not assumed. Ellipticity of Q is a hypothesis, defined as the principal symbol ση(Q) restricting to an isomorphism between the Calderón space Cη and (π*W)η; the Calderón bundle itself is defined as the range of âL,η (Definition 3.10). The model problem is then inverted in Section 3.4 using exactly that isomorphism property, and Section 6 assembles a global parametrix from the twisted trace, Poisson, boundary, and interior calculi. This is the standard parametrix pattern: symbolic invertibility of the model family plus composition and mapping theorems yields bounded parametrices modulo very residual, hence compact, remainders. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, and no quantity in the conclusion is used to define the ellipticity assumption. The import from [Maz91] (Theorem 3.1) supplies the semi-Fredholm structure, generalized inverse G, and projectors P1, P2; this is an external theorem about L alone and is not the paper's own result, so relying on it is not circular. The citations to the author's [Usu22] are for additional discussion of composition issues and explicitly describe the earlier kernel-based results as insufficient for the parametrix construction, so they are not load-bearing in the proof of the main theorem. The notable admitted limitation, Remark 4.35, states that the full front-face index set for the twisted symbolic trace and Poisson classes is not known to be coordinate-invariant and that only the leading set [Eﬀ] is tracked; the manuscript defers the discussion to Section 7.3, which is not included in the provided text. If unresolved, this is a correctness or completeness gap in the global assembly of the calculus, not a circular step: coordinate invariance is not assumed as a consequence of the Fredholm theorem, nor is the Fredholm theorem used to prove coordinate invariance.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 4 invented entities

The central claim is built on (i) imported theorems from the prior literature: Mazzeo's Theorem 3.1 on the structure of G, P1, P2 ([Maz91]), Hintz's Fourier mapping results ([Hin23b]), and Melrose's pull-back, push-forward, and blow-up technology ([Mel93, Mel96]); (ii) standing assumptions: constant indicial roots, the technical condition [E_ﬀ]=0, and the existence of an elliptic boundary condition Q (which itself requires a topological condition on the Calderón bundle); and (iii) auxiliary choices (V, x, ω, Hermitian metrics) that the paper shows affect the construction only by smooth factors. The paper's new objects are constructed explicitly, and its main limitation, the dependence on the author's own [Usu22] for the corrected composition rules, is a supporting-technical self-citation, not the source of the Fredholm conclusion.

free parameters (3)

weight δ = a real number, surjective and not injective for L
The whole construction is set on the weighted space x^δ H^∞_b(X), with δ lying in the critical strip below the infimum of injective weights. This is problem data chosen from the indicial spectrum of L, not a number fitted to force the conclusion; it is the standard setting for semi-Fredholm theory.
auxiliary collar data (vector field V, boundary defining function x, density ω, Hermitian metrics) = none
Chosen by hand in §3.1.2 to define the inner products, trace maps, and trivializations. The paper argues these choices affect the Bessel families and traces only by smooth nowhere-zero factors or conjugation, so the Fredholm conclusion is independent of them.
boundary condition Q = any elliptic operator in the twisted boundary calculus
Q is a hypothesis of the theorem: the claim is that for every elliptic Q, the supplemented map is Fredholm. It is an input chosen by the user, not a parameter tuned to make the derivation work.

assumptions (5)

domain assumption L has constant indicial roots (specb(L) is a finite subset of C independent of p in ∂X)
Assumed from §2.5 onward: 'we shall assume that the 0-elliptic operators considered in this paper have constant indicial roots'. The introduction states the variable-indicial-root case already requires substantial work along [KM15]. The asymptotic expansion of solutions, the trace bundle E_L, and the twisted homogeneity all use this.
standard math Theorem 3.1 of Mazzeo ([Maz91]): for injective or surjective weights, G, P1, P2 lie in the stated 0-calculus classes and P1u is polyhomogeneous with the given index sets
Quoted in §3.1.1 as the foundation for the trace map A_L, the projectors appearing in the boundary condition, and the index sets for E_L. This is prior literature used as an external benchmark, not derived in this paper.
domain assumption The model problem's Bessel inverses have the stated structure: the inverse of N̂η(L) ⊕ ση(Q)âL,η exists smoothly in η with the correct homogeneity
Section 3.4 constructs the model inverse from the ellipticity of Q and the isomorphism âL,η : ker N̂η(L) → Cη. This relies on the Calderón space Cη being a smooth subbundle, argued in §3.2 from the surjectivity of δ and the infimum property of δ.
standard math The blow-up, pull-back, and push-forward machinery of Melrose applies on the relevant triple and model spaces with the claimed integrability conditions
Used throughout §5 (e.g., Theorem 5.1 and the composition theorems) exactly as in [Mel93, Mel96]; the paper states the arguments imitate the standard theory.
standard math Fourier transform mapping results of Hintz (Propositions 2.28 and 2.29 of [Hin23b]) relating polyhomogeneous spaces, and their 0b-version in Proposition 4.15
The bridge between Schwartz-kernel and symbolic quantizations (Corollaries 4.4, 4.16, 4.19, 4.22) rests on these imported mapping properties.

invented entities (4)

symbolic 0-calculus classes Ψ̂^{−∞,E}_0(X), Ψ̂^{−∞,E}_{0b}(X), Ψ̂^{−∞,E}_{0tr}, Ψ̂^{−∞,E}_{0P} independent evidence
purpose: A new operator calculus whose elements are locally quantizations of polyhomogeneous symbols on blown-up model spaces, enabling composition theorems between interior, trace, and Poisson operators.
Fully constructed in §4 with explicit symbol spaces, quantization maps, and a Bessel-family principal-symbol short exact sequence; internal consistency is checked rather than postulated.
twisted symbolic 0-trace and 0-Poisson operators and twisted boundary calculus Ψ^{•,(s,t)}_phg(∂X; E, F) independent evidence
purpose: To accommodate the twisted homogeneity of the Bessel trace family âL under dilations, with twisting endomorphism s_L whose eigenvalues are the critical indicial roots of L.
The paper explicitly identifies the boundary calculus as a simple subcalculus of the Krainer-Mendoza calculus [KM15]; s_L is derived from L in §3.3, not introduced ad hoc. The twisted homogeneity is proved as Proposition 3.18.
trace bundle E_L = ⊕_{µ critical} E_{µ,M̃µ} with endomorphism s_L independent evidence
purpose: Target of the trace map A_L; its sections encode the leading (critical) coefficients of polyhomogeneous expansions of kernel elements.
Constructed in §3.1.3-3.1.4 from log-homogeneous functions on N^+∂X; the endomorphism comes from the dilation-invariant vector field x∂x. A standard associated-bundle construction.
Calderón bundle C → T*∂X\0 independent evidence
purpose: Range of the Bessel trace family âL,η; used to define ellipticity of a boundary condition Q.
Defined in §3.2 from âL; the paper notes the topological obstruction when C does not extend trivially (e.g., chiral Dirac operators, Remark 3.12).

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Boundary value problems for 0-elliptic operators." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/TVUKBE74

@misc{pith2026241206084,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Boundary value problems for 0-elliptic operators},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/TVUKBE74}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.06084}
}

abstract

Let $X$ be a manifold with boundary, and let $L$ be a 0-elliptic operator on X which is semi-Fredholm essentially surjective with infinite-dimensional kernel. Examples include Hodge Laplacians and Dirac operators on conformally compact manifolds. We construct left and right parametrices for L when supplemented with appropriate elliptic boundary conditions. The construction relies on a new calculus of pseudodifferential operators on functions over both $X$ and $\partial X$, which we call the "symbolic 0-calculus". This new calculus supplements the ordinary 0-calculus of Mazzeo--Melrose, enabling it to handle boundary value problems. In the original 0-calculus, operators are characterized as polyhomogeneous right densities on a blow-up of $X^2$. By contrast, operators in the symbolic 0-calculus are characterized (locally near each point of the boundary of the diagonal) as quantizations of polyhomogeneous symbols on appropriate blown-up model spaces.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.06084 by the authors.

**Figure 2.1.** M2 and M2 b lf rf lf rf ffb [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 2.2.** M2 0 and M2 0b lf rf ff0 lf rf ff0 ffb ffb with coordinates x, x, Y ˜ . M2 has five boundary hyperfaces, namely the left and right faces lf = {x = 0} , rf = {x˜ = 0} and the infinity faces ifY = {|Y | = ∞} , ifx = {x = ∞} , ifx˜ = {x˜ = ∞} . We think of R n × M2 , with coordinates y, x, x, Y ˜ , as a compactified local model for X2 near a point (p, p) of ∂∆. Now, consider the three blow-ups, M2 0 = [PITH_FULL_IMAGE… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.3.** P 2 0 of of ff ifY ifY ifx 2.3.2. 0-trace and 0-Poisson operators. We get similar local characterizations for 0-Poisson and 0-trace operators. Define P 2 = R 1 1 × R n with coordinates x, Y , which we identify with the right face of the model space M2 introduced previously. We introduce the blow-up P 2 0 = [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_2_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (7 more)

**Figure 4.1.** Figure 4.1: Pˆ2 0 ff ff of ifx ifη ifη Definition 4.1. (0-Poisson symbols) Let E = (Eof, Eff) be a pair of index sets. We define S −∞,E 0 P,S [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_4_1.png]

**Figure 4.2.** Figure 4.2: Mˆ 2 0 and Mˆ 2 0b lf rf ff0 ff0 lf rf ff0 ff0 ffb Definition 4.13. (0b-interior and b-interior symbols) Let E = (Elf, Erf, Effb , Eff0 ) be a quadruple of index sets. We define S −∞,E 0b,S [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_4_2.png]

**Figure 4.3.** Figure 4.3: M0b 2,alt and Mˆ 0b 2,alt lf rf ff0 ffb ffb lf rf ff0 ff0 ffb Proof. The result follows easily by Proposition 4.3 if we use alternative compactifications Mˆ 2 0b,alt and M2 0b,alt of the open manifolds with corners Mˆ 2 0b \ (ifx ∪ifx˜) and M2 0b \ (ifx ∪ifx˜). These…

**Figure 5.1.** Figure 5.1: Zb rf lf ff0 ff0 efx efx efx˜ efx˜ ffb of ff ff ff of ff γL γR it is clear that it suffices to prove that the “contraction mapping” A (F,∞,∞) phg R 1 1 × R n → A(Hlf∪(F+Hffb ),∞,∞) phg R 1 1 × R n v (x, η) 7→ Z q (x, x˜; η) v (˜x, η) dx˜ is well-defined and c…

**Figure 5.2.** Figure 5.2: Z rf lf ff0 ff0 efx efx efx˜ efx˜ of ff ff ff of ff γL γR Therefore, we need to show that b (y; x, η) q (˜y; η) ∈ S −∞,(Eof,Eff+G) 0 P,S [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_5_2.png]

**Figure 5.3.** Figure 5.3: Dˆ 2 0 and Dˆ 2 0b lf rf ff0 ff0 lf rf ff0 ff0 ffb Proof. (Proof of Theorem 5.10) Let us first prove the 0-interior ◦ 0-interior case. As in the previous proofs, it is sufficient to prove that if a (x, x, η ˜ ) ∈ A(Elf,Erf,Eff0−1,∞,∞,∞) phg Mˆ 2 0 b (x, x, η ˜ ) …

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