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Rethinking External Slow-Thinking: From Snowball Errors to Probability of Correct Reasoning

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arxiv 2501.15602 v3 pith:MRQJSW6F submitted 2025-01-26 cs.AI cs.CL

classification cs.AIcs.CL
keywords slow-thinkingreasoningexternalmethodscorrecterrormechanismsprobability
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Test-time scaling, which is also often referred to as slow-thinking, has been demonstrated to enhance multi-step reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, despite its widespread utilization, the mechanisms underlying slow-thinking methods remain poorly understood. This paper explores the mechanisms of external slow-thinking from a theoretical standpoint. We begin by examining the snowball error effect within the LLM reasoning process and connect it to the likelihood of correct reasoning using information theory. Building on this, we show that external slow-thinking methods can be interpreted as strategies to mitigate the error probability. We further provide a comparative analysis of popular external slow-thinking approaches, ranging from simple to complex, highlighting their differences and interrelationships. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of these methods is not primarily determined by the specific framework employed, and that expanding the search scope or the model's internal reasoning capacity may yield more sustained improvements in the long term. We open-source our code at https://github.com/ZyGan1999/Snowball-Errors-and-Probability.

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Forward citations

Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Contextual Information Policy Optimization for Search Agents

    cs.AI 2026-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    CIPO trains search agents with a dense reward that measures how much a reasoning step depends on newly retrieved evidence, improving F1 across seven QA benchmarks.

  2. Stepwise Reasoning Checkpoint Analysis: A Test Time Scaling Method to Enhance LLMs' Reasoning

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A checkpoint-based search and candidate augmentation method improves small LLM mathematical reasoning accuracy over existing test-time scaling baselines.

  3. Token Signature: Predicting Chain-of-Thought Gains with Token Decoding Feature in Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The monotonicity of token probabilities during initial decoding predicts chain-of-thought gains, enabling dynamic selection between CoT and direct answers.

  4. Demystifying Reasoning Dynamics with Mutual Information: Thinking Tokens are Information Peaks in LLM Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Reasoning tokens like 'Hmm' and 'Wait' mark steps where a model's internal state carries unusually high dependence with the correct answer, and suppressing them hurts accuracy.

  5. Is Your Model Thinking or Just Stagnating? PUMA: Diagnosing Reasoning Pathology via Phase-Momentum Alignment

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    PUMA detects when a reasoning model's entropy drop aligns with hidden-state momentum, truncates at that point, and reports improved accuracy-efficiency on 1.5B-32B reasoning models.

  6. Why Does Reasoning Length Converge? Unveiling the Underfitting-Overfitting Trade-off in Chain-of-Thought

    cs.AI 2025-09 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    LLM chain-of-thought length converges to an optimum because of an underfitting-overfitting tradeoff, formalized in a continuous reasoning-space framework and tested with RL.

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