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Supermassive Black Holes in X-rays: From Standard Accretion to Extreme Transients

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arxiv 2503.22791 v1 pith:GJWHNVOT submitted 2025-03-28 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GA

classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA
keywords accretionblackx-raysx-rayextremeflowgrowthhole
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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X-rays are a critical wavelength for understanding supermassive black holes (SMBHs). X-rays probe the inner accretion flow, closest to the event horizon, where gas inspirals, releasing energy and driving black hole growth. This region also governs the launching of outflows and jets that regulate galaxy evolution and link SMBH growth to their host galaxies. This review focuses on X-ray observations of SMBHs, through "standard accretion" in persistent Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and in extreme transient events, such as Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs), Changing-Look AGN (CLAGN), and Quasi-Periodic Eruptions (QPEs). We describe the X-ray spectral and variability properties of AGN, and the observational techniques that probe the inner accretion flow. Through understanding the phenomenology and accretion physics in standard, individual AGN, we can better search for more exotic phenomenon, including binary SMBH mergers, or Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals (EMRIs). In this review, the reader will discover: (1) X-ray variability on timescales from minutes to hours traces accretion near the event horizon. (2) X-rays can measure the black hole mass, spin and accretion flow geometry and dynamics. (3) In transients like TDEs, X-rays probe the newly formed accretion disk that feeds the black hole. (4) QPEs are posited to be EMRIs orbiting accreting SMBHs that would emit low-frequency gravitational waves. (5) Future X-ray, time-domain and multi-messenger surveys will revolutionize our understanding of SMBH growth.

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Forward citations

Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

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    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In 14 hard-X-ray-selected AGN monitored for two years, variability is strongest in X-rays and weakest in radio, and source variability explains only ~2-3% of the scatter in the Fundamental Plane.

  3. The emergence of X-ray emission lines during relativistic radio-jet formation in the changing-look active galactic nucleus 1ES 1927+654

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    X-ray emission lines and a broad iron feature emerged in changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654 concurrently with radio-jet formation and declining ionized outflows from 2022 to 2025.

  4. A possible two-fold scenario for the disc-corona of the luminous AGN 1H 0419--577: a high-density disc or a warm corona

    astro-ph.HE 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Two competing disc-corona models, a high-density disc and a warm corona plus reflection, both fit the 2018 broadband X-ray spectra of the luminous AGN 1H 0419-577 equally well.

  5. Black-Hole Spin Measurements from X-ray Reflection Spectroscopy: Quality Criteria and Community Recommendations

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Reflection-based black-hole spin measurements should be graded by detectability, uniqueness, and robustness, and classified into high-confidence, systematics-limited, provisional, or non-assessable tiers.

  6. Prospects for EMRI/MBH parameter estimation using Quasi-Periodic Eruption timings: short-timescale analysis

    astro-ph.HE 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    QPE arrival times from an EMRI-disk collision model can recover black hole mass and orbital size/eccentricity to about 10% over tens of orbits, while spin and disk precession properties are much harder to constrain.

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    astro-ph.GA 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

    Overview chapter summarizing traditional orientation-based and radiation-regulated unification models for AGN, including evolutionary aspects and changing-look AGN.

  8. Continuum optical-UV and X-ray variability of AGN: current results and future challenges

    astro-ph.HE 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review of AGN continuum variability from optical/UV to X-rays, with no new data.

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