Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs

As of 21 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 28 of 28 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.21881.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.21881 v1

Coverage vector

measured 28 of 28 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:08.673619Z

measured 28 of 28 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

28 of 28 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy0
unresolved26
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation be03bb1d-ddae-4a61-82a6-73255a5a09bd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:21:28.103668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 68d9e2e7-bffb-4a44-a34c-c8e90357b38f · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:05.251552Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 400b76c1-e43c-4a48-b3f4-101eec62e579 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Survey.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Survey

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:06.692681Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 30989e0d-c49d-4398-a65f-0ac109aabf12 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:10.542149Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation c37715a8-0ee8-4a7e-82da-64e187a00b37 · outbound

This paper cites Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Values.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Probing Pre-Trained Language Models for Cross-Cultural Differences in Values

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:06.801233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 315e3d50-b764-4b8b-9aa2-75e680cc485e · outbound

This paper cites Qwen Technical Report.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Qwen Technical Report

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:06.854786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2525ad41-3b12-490f-877b-92a776f86df7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:06.909799Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f78414d-3ddc-40b9-a54a-36dd364626e7 · outbound

This paper cites Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Study.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Assessing Cross-Cultural Alignment between ChatGPT and Human Societies: An Empirical Study

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:06.963011Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ea2b0f3b-0e4e-4ab2-8dbd-9e8400190b3e · outbound

This paper cites Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:09.620044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 7a3e29a5-c511-4aad-8c34-056129b7ccf0 · outbound

This paper cites From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.080651Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 36e6e314-e502-4477-9ebe-0499f67bdb32 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.192105Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d3c04773-cce9-4848-a4c3-a0b8454e2455 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.259598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5be83250-11ed-41a1-bb56-978fdfba4bff · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs GPT-4o System Card

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.307063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b3414307-162f-40a7-b6c7-76979c1c6179 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models as Superpositions of Cultural Perspectives.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Large Language Models as Superpositions of Cultural Perspectives

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.418773Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b7f897f5-6ccf-4f61-a048-5c1c2de129d7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:10.382823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 8be93ac4-b570-4455-90e4-9261442e4d32 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:10.202275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation ee8a43dc-f714-4f97-8de0-91faf404f402 · outbound

This paper cites Culturally Aware and Adapted NLP: A Taxonomy and a Survey of the State of the Art.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Culturally Aware and Adapted NLP: A Taxonomy and a Survey of the State of the Art

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.631027Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6e772f59-f2e0-4583-b7f9-61ccd44f0efc · outbound

This paper cites Having Beer after Prayer? Measuring Cultural Bias in Large Language Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Having Beer after Prayer? Measuring Cultural Bias in Large Language Models

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.648571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f36026fc-4556-44f2-8f99-7ad5f5a655a7 · outbound

This paper cites Cross-Lingual Consistency of Factual Knowledge in Multilingual Language Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Cross-Lingual Consistency of Factual Knowledge in Multilingual Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.678276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86a5d8db-b949-4ea1-a7da-328930fb1e37 · outbound

This paper cites RakutenAI-7B: Extending Large Language Models for Japanese.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs RakutenAI-7B: Extending Large Language Models for Japanese

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.709171Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d457ca01-3d59-4da5-9b17-892d0b7773e1 · outbound

This paper cites Knowledge of cultural moral norms in large language models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Knowledge of cultural moral norms in large language models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:07.765291Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9b46f87e-83af-4653-9a02-c2577fe74c37 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:10.038072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 071d6a86-58a8-4d21-bde7-ea4605cbca2b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:09.861844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 851fab76-f6c8-4ec2-bacf-7416bcc68157 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:08.114054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0e800f8c-ac69-4e6f-96a5-ffeb96baf46a · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:08.360836Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 56c32fd6-5e3b-410d-ab04-1d9e4f958f98 · outbound

This paper cites Delving into Multilingual Ethical Bias: The MSQAD with Statistical Hypothesis Tests for Large Language Models.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs Delving into Multilingual Ethical Bias: The MSQAD with Statistical Hypothesis Tests for Large Language Models

Reference 26

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:09.069980Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-20T06:33:59.587034+00:00.

Observation 5b1b3532-b930-41c6-b5b9-f788a7d00d6b · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:08.578431Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66fa8359-d56e-4591-a397-9f06e04b62dc · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs write newline

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T22:22:08.673619Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.