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Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Survey

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arxiv 2403.15412 v5 pith:BRMU3DFU submitted 2024-03-05 cs.CY cs.AIcs.CL

classification cs.CYcs.AIcs.CL
keywords cultureaspectscertainculturalllmsmodelsotherprobing
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We present a survey of more than 90 recent papers that aim to study cultural representation and inclusion in large language models (LLMs). We observe that none of the studies explicitly define "culture, which is a complex, multifaceted concept; instead, they probe the models on some specially designed datasets which represent certain aspects of "culture". We call these aspects the proxies of culture, and organize them across two dimensions of demographic and semantic proxies. We also categorize the probing methods employed. Our analysis indicates that only certain aspects of ``culture,'' such as values and objectives, have been studied, leaving several other interesting and important facets, especially the multitude of semantic domains (Thompson et al., 2020) and aboutness (Hershcovich et al., 2022), unexplored. Two other crucial gaps are the lack of robustness of probing techniques and situated studies on the impact of cultural mis- and under-representation in LLM-based applications.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. A Dual-Layered Evaluation of Geopolitical and Cultural Bias in LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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  2. Obscured but Not Erased: Evaluating Nationality Bias in LLMs via Name-Based Bias Benchmarks

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A name-substituted variant of the BBQ benchmark shows that LLMs retain nationality stereotypes even when explicit labels are removed, with smaller models showing more bias and lower accuracy.

  3. Against 'softmaxing' culture

    cs.HC 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A position paper arguing that AI evaluations should shift from defining culture to understanding when culture becomes relationally valid.

  4. The Human Labour of Data Work: Capturing Cultural Diversity through World Wide Dishes

    cs.CY 2025-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A design retrospective of World Wide Dishes identifies three dimensions of community ambassador labor, trust building, accessibility, and cultural contextualization, as essential to participatory dataset creation.

  5. A Framework for LLM-powered Design Assistants

    cs.HC 2025-02 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    LLMs are organized into a three-modality framework for design assistance, but no evidence is provided that the framework works.

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