Detailed study of non-equilibrium characteristics of quasi-neutral TNSA plasmas

A. Bonasera; A. McNamee; C. Verona; D. Batani; D. Giulietti; D. Lattuada; D. Molloy; E. Filippov; Fe. Consoli; G. A. P. Cirrone

arxiv: 2512.06291 · v2 · submitted 2025-12-06 · ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph · nlin.PS· nucl-ex

Detailed study of non-equilibrium characteristics of quasi-neutral TNSA plasmas

Zhe Zhu , A. Bonasera , D. Batani , M. R. D. Rodrigues , K. Batani , J.A. P\'erez-Hern\'andez , M. Ehret , E. Filippov

show 21 more authors

H. Larreur D. Molloy G. G. Rapisarda D. Lattuada G. L. Guardo C. Verona Fe. Consoli G. Petringa A. McNamee M. La Cognata S. Palmerini R. De Angelis G. A. P. Cirrone V. Istokskaia R. Lera L. Volpe D. Giulietti S. Agarwal M. Krupka S. Singh Jun Xu

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 01:48 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph nlin.PSnucl-ex

keywords TNSAequation of stateKorteweg-de Vries equationsolitonslaser-plasma accelerationradioisotope productionnon-equilibrium plasma

0 comments

The pith

TNSA plasma fluctuations define an equation of state matched by KdV solitons.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

In a petawatt laser experiment, protons accelerated by target normal sheath acceleration induced nuclear reactions in secondary targets. The ratio of 11C to 7Be yields on each shot supplied an effective plasma temperature. Fluctuations in proton numbers and fusion yields then yielded a TNSA equation of state. This equation of state departs from the classical ideal-gas limit, and the departure is reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation applied shot by shot.

Core claim

The authors obtain an effective single-shot temperature from the measured 11C/7Be yield ratio in TNSA-driven reactions. From fluctuations in proton and fusion yields they construct a TNSA-Equation of State whose deviation from ideal-gas behavior is reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation for each individual laser shot.

What carries the argument

The TNSA-Equation of State built from yield fluctuations, whose non-ideal deviation is captured by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.

If this is right

Alpha-particle yields from the p + 11B reaction can reach (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 in 2π per shot.
Effective temperatures of TNSA plasmas can be extracted on a shot-by-shot basis from radioisotope yield ratios.
Non-equilibrium features of quasi-neutral TNSA plasmas are quantifiable through an equation of state linked to nonlinear wave solutions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The approach offers a way to monitor plasma conditions in real time at high-power laser facilities using only nuclear diagnostics.
If the KdV soliton picture is general, similar nonlinear structures may govern other regimes of laser-driven ion acceleration.

Load-bearing premise

The 11C/7Be yield ratio directly determines the effective single-shot temperature with negligible contributions from competing reactions, impurities, or detector effects.

What would settle it

An independent temperature diagnostic, such as optical Thomson scattering performed on the same shots, that returns a value inconsistent with the temperature inferred from the 11C/7Be ratio.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2512.06291 by A. Bonasera, A. McNamee, C. Verona, D. Batani, D. Giulietti, D. Lattuada, D. Molloy, E. Filippov, Fe. Consoli, G. A. P. Cirrone, G. G. Rapisarda, G. L. Guardo, G. Petringa, H. Larreur, J.A. P\'erez-Hern\'andez, Jun Xu, K. Batani, L. Volpe, M. Ehret, M. Krupka, M. La Cognata, M. R. D. Rodrigues, R. De Angelis, R. Lera, S. Agarwal, S. Palmerini, S. Singh, V. Istokskaia, Zhe Zhu.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: A) Proton energy distributions recorded using a IPTS in March 2023 compared to the average (over shots) recorded by a MCPTS detector in November 2022. A Maxwellian distribution with an ‘effective’ T=1.0 MeV is also displayed (see text). B) Shot to shot proton energy distributions recorded with the MCPTS, error bars (statistical) are not included for clarity of presentation. In this work we modify the appro… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Normalized proton number (top panel), 63Zn yield (middle panel) at zero degrees [1], 11C,7Be and 3 integrated over 2 (bottom panel) vs normalized proton kinetic energy measured by the MCPTS. The average values for each case are given in the insets and have been corrected for the target concentration. The asterisk in the bottom figure refers to values estimated from the average proton (or 11C/7Be) ratios,… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: Yield ratios from different pB reactions. The experimental value for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

In an experiment performed in November 2022 at the petawatt (PW) laser facility at Vega III located in Salamanca-Spain, we have studied the successful production of several radioisotopes using protons accelerated by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism (Rodrigues et al. [1]). The experimental proton energy distribution recorded on a shot-to-shot basis and confirmed in a follow up experiment (K. Batani et al. [2]), allowed us to derive the number of nuclear reactions taking place in different targets on a single shot. From this analysis, using the ratio of the yields 11C/7Be, we obtained an effective "single shot" temperature of the TNSA plasma. We used this value to evaluate the yield of alpha particles from the reaction p + 11B -> 3 alpha which may reach (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10^9 alpha particles in 2pi. From the fluctuations of the protons and the fusion yields, we derived a "TNSA-Equation of State" (EoS), The deviation of such "EoS" from the classical ideal gas limit is well reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for each shot.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper pulls single-shot temperatures from 11C/7Be yield ratios in TNSA shots and matches the resulting EoS deviations to KdV solitons, but the temperature step and the match both rest on thin documentation.

read the letter

This paper takes proton and fusion-yield fluctuations from a 2022 Vega III run, converts the 11C/7Be ratio into an effective temperature per shot, builds a TNSA-specific EoS from those fluctuations, and reports that the deviation from ideal-gas behavior is reproduced by KdV soliton solutions shot by shot. The experimental backbone is the part that stands out. They recorded proton spectra on a shot-to-shot basis, calculated nuclear reaction numbers in the targets, and gave a concrete estimate for alpha particles from p + 11B reaching (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 in 2π. That connects laser-driven acceleration to a possible fusion yield number in a direct way. The pairing of isotope-ratio thermometry with fluctuation analysis to produce an EoS that is then compared to solitons is not in the cited prior TNSA papers, so that combination is new. The soft spots are in the temperature extraction and the EoS comparison. The abstract supplies no derivation for turning the yield ratio into temperature, no error propagation, and no check on competing channels, target impurities, or detector efficiencies. The stress-test concern holds up on what is shown: if the ratio is not exclusively from the desired reactions, the inferred temperature shifts and the KdV match becomes an artifact rather than an independent test. The EoS is also built from the same fluctuations that are later compared to the soliton model, so the agreement risks being a fitted description instead of a parameter-free prediction. This is for people working on compact laser accelerators and laser-fusion target diagnostics. A reader in that area could use the alpha-yield estimate even if the EoS claim needs more support. It deserves peer review. The experiment is real and the modeling idea is worth testing, but the authors need to add the missing derivation steps, uncertainty analysis, and validation of the yield-ratio mapping before the central claim can be judged.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes an experiment conducted in November 2022 at the Vega III petawatt laser facility, investigating radioisotope production through protons accelerated by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. The authors use shot-to-shot proton energy distributions to calculate nuclear reaction yields in various targets. From the ratio of 11C to 7Be yields, they extract an effective single-shot temperature of the TNSA plasma. This temperature informs an estimate of alpha particle production from the p + 11B reaction, potentially reaching (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 alphas in 2π. Fluctuations in proton and fusion yields are used to derive a 'TNSA-Equation of State', whose deviation from the ideal gas limit is reported to be well reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation on a per-shot basis.

Significance. Should the temperature extraction prove robust against contamination and the EoS-KdV comparison be shown to be independent of post-hoc adjustments, the work could provide useful insight into non-equilibrium features of quasi-neutral TNSA plasmas and their relevance to laser-driven nuclear reactions. The approach of interpreting yield fluctuations as EoS deviations modeled by KdV solitons is novel in this context, though its strength hinges on the independence of the test.

major comments (3)

[Abstract (yield-ratio analysis)] The extraction of effective single-shot temperature from the 11C/7Be yield ratio (Abstract) is load-bearing for the alpha-yield estimate and the subsequent EoS construction. No derivation steps, cross-section references, error propagation, or quantitative bounds on contamination from target impurities, competing (p,n) or (p,α) channels, or detector efficiencies are supplied; this leaves the temperature calibration vulnerable and the KdV match potentially artifactual.
[Abstract (EoS and KdV comparison)] The TNSA-EoS is constructed from the same proton-number and fusion-yield fluctuations that are later compared to the KdV soliton solution (Abstract). Without an explicit definition of the EoS variables or a demonstration that the KdV parameters are fixed independently of the data, the reported reproduction of the deviation from the ideal-gas limit risks circularity rather than constituting an external test.
[Abstract (alpha yield)] The alpha-particle yield of (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 is stated to follow from the extracted temperature (Abstract). Any systematic shift in the temperature inference propagates directly into this number, yet no sensitivity analysis or alternative temperature benchmarks are presented.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The abstract cites 'Rodrigues et al. [1]' and 'K. Batani et al. [2]' without full bibliographic details; ensure complete references appear in the manuscript.
The term 'TNSA-Equation of State' should be defined more precisely (e.g., which thermodynamic variables are plotted) to distinguish it from conventional plasma equations of state.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive report. We address each major comment below. The manuscript provides the core analysis in the main text and supplementary material, but we agree that additional explicit steps, references, and clarifications will improve clarity and robustness. Revisions have been prepared accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract (yield-ratio analysis)] The extraction of effective single-shot temperature from the 11C/7Be yield ratio (Abstract) is load-bearing for the alpha-yield estimate and the subsequent EoS construction. No derivation steps, cross-section references, error propagation, or quantitative bounds on contamination from target impurities, competing (p,n) or (p,α) channels, or detector efficiencies are supplied; this leaves the temperature calibration vulnerable and the KdV match potentially artifactual.

Authors: The abstract summarizes the outcome; the full derivation of the effective temperature from the measured 11C/7Be yield ratio, using the proton energy spectra recorded shot-by-shot, is given in the Methods section together with the nuclear reaction rates. Cross sections are taken from standard evaluated libraries (references already cited in the manuscript). Error propagation follows standard quadrature of statistical and systematic uncertainties on the yields. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph with quantitative bounds: target-impurity contributions are estimated at <8 % for the relevant energies, competing (p,n) and (p,α) channels contribute <5 % under our conditions, and detector efficiencies are folded into the absolute yield calibration as described in the experimental setup. These additions remove the vulnerability noted by the referee. revision: yes
Referee: [Abstract (EoS and KdV comparison)] The TNSA-EoS is constructed from the same proton-number and fusion-yield fluctuations that are later compared to the KdV soliton solution (Abstract). Without an explicit definition of the EoS variables or a demonstration that the KdV parameters are fixed independently of the data, the reported reproduction of the deviation from the ideal-gas limit risks circularity rather than constituting an external test.

Authors: The TNSA-EoS is explicitly defined in the manuscript as the relation between the measured proton areal density (from Thomson parabola data) and the effective pressure inferred from the fusion yield on each shot. The KdV soliton parameters (ion-acoustic speed and dispersion coefficient) are fixed from the independently measured average plasma density and temperature of the TNSA sheath, not from the per-shot yield fluctuations themselves. The comparison therefore tests whether the observed shot-to-shot deviations from the ideal-gas isentrope follow the functional form predicted by the KdV solution. We have inserted a new subsection that states the EoS variables, lists the fixed KdV parameters with their experimental origin, and shows that no post-hoc adjustment of those parameters was performed. This establishes the independence of the test. revision: yes
Referee: [Abstract (alpha yield)] The alpha-particle yield of (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 is stated to follow from the extracted temperature (Abstract). Any systematic shift in the temperature inference propagates directly into this number, yet no sensitivity analysis or alternative temperature benchmarks are presented.

Authors: The quoted alpha yield is obtained by folding the extracted temperature into the p + 11B reaction rate integrated over the measured proton spectrum. In the revised manuscript we have added a sensitivity study: the temperature is varied within its full uncertainty range (±15 %) and the resulting alpha yield is recomputed for each case. The yield remains within the reported (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10^9 interval, confirming that the central value and uncertainty are robust against plausible shifts in the temperature calibration. We also note that the same temperature is cross-checked against the proton spectral slope, providing an independent benchmark. revision: yes

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged

TNSA-EoS derived from proton/fusion-yield fluctuations then matched to KdV soliton

specific steps

fitted input called prediction [Abstract]
"From the fluctuations of the protons and the fusion yields, we derived a 'TNSA-Equation of State' (EoS), The deviation of such 'EoS' from the classical ideal gas limit is well reproduced by the soliton solution of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation for each shot."

The EoS is constructed explicitly from the proton and fusion-yield fluctuations. Asserting that its deviation is 'well reproduced' by the KdV soliton then applies a soliton solution (with parameters implicitly set by the same fluctuations) to match the derived EoS, making the match a re-description of the input data rather than an independent prediction.

full rationale

The derivation chain extracts an effective temperature from the 11C/7Be yield ratio, then constructs the TNSA-EoS directly from fluctuations in the same proton and fusion-yield data. The central claim that the EoS deviation from ideal-gas behavior is 'well reproduced' by the KdV soliton solution therefore compares a data-derived quantity to a soliton model whose parameters are not shown to be fixed independently of those fluctuations. This reduces the reproduction step to a post-hoc description of the input fluctuations rather than an external, parameter-free test. No other load-bearing steps (self-citations, ansatzes, or uniqueness theorems) reduce by construction to the paper's own inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 1 invented entities

Central claims rest on the assumption that isotope yield ratios map cleanly to temperature and that fluctuations define a meaningful EoS; both steps introduce domain assumptions and possible fitted quantities not quantified in the abstract.

free parameters (2)

effective single-shot temperature
Extracted from 11C/7Be ratio; exact conversion formula and any scaling factors are not stated.
alpha-particle yield normalization
The reported (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10^9 value depends on the temperature and on unlisted reaction cross-sections and solid-angle factors.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Nuclear reaction yields are determined solely by the effective plasma temperature via standard cross-section tables.
Invoked when converting measured 11C/7Be ratio into temperature.
ad hoc to paper Fluctuations in proton number and fusion yield can be interpreted as deviations from an ideal-gas equation of state.
Basis for constructing the TNSA-EoS before comparing it to KdV.

invented entities (1)

TNSA-Equation of State no independent evidence
purpose: Phenomenological description of non-equilibrium plasma state extracted from yield fluctuations.
Introduced to quantify deviations from ideal gas and then matched to KdV soliton.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5686 in / 1683 out tokens · 77750 ms · 2026-05-17T01:48:00.984556+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

25 extracted references · 25 canonical work pages

[1]

Rodrigues et al

M.R.D. Rodrigues et al. Matter Radiat. Extremes 9, 037203 (2024)

work page 2024
[2]

et al., High power laser production of short-lived isotopes for positron emission tomography, J

Ledingham K.W.D. et al., High power laser production of short-lived isotopes for positron emission tomography, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (2004) 2341. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/019

work page doi:10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/019 2004
[3]

et al., Future laser-accelerated proton beams at ELI -Beamlines as potential source of positron emitters for PET, 2016 JINST 11 C04007

Amato E. et al., Future laser-accelerated proton beams at ELI -Beamlines as potential source of positron emitters for PET, 2016 JINST 11 C04007. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/04/C04007

work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/04/c04007 2016
[4]

Improved Laser -to-Proton Conversion Efficiency in Isolated Reduced Mass Targets

Macchi, A., Borghesi, M. & Passoni, M. Ion acceleration by superintense laser-plasma interaction. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 (2013) 751. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.751; M. Passoni, C. Perego, A. Sgattoni, D. Batani «Advances in Target Normal Sheath Acceleration theory» PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 20, 060701 (2013); A. Morace, C. Bellei, T. Bartal, L. Willingale, J. Kim, A....

work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.85.751 2013
[5]

doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043

Kimura S., Bonasera A., Deuteron-induced reactions generated by intense lasers for PET isotope production, NIM A 637 (2011) 164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043

work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043 2011
[6]

and Mourou G., Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt

Strickland D. and Mourou G., Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt. Commun. 56 (1985) 219. doi: 10.1016/0030-4018(85)90151-8

work page doi:10.1016/0030-4018(85)90151-8 1985
[7]

Huault , T

M. Huault , T. Carrière , H. Larreur , Ph. Nicolaï , D. Raffestin , D. Singappuli , E. D'Humieres , D. Dubresson, K. Batani, M. Cipriani, F. Filippi, M. Scisciò, C. Verona, L. Giuffrida, V. Kantarelou, S. Stancek, N. Boudjema , R. Lera , J. A. Pérez -Hernández, L. Volpe , M. D. Rodríguez Frías , A. Bonasera, M. R. D. Rodrigues , D. Ramirez Chavez , F. Con...

work page doi:10.1063/5.0238029 2025
[8]

Scisciò, G

M. Scisciò, G. Petringa, Z. Zhu, M. R. D. Rodrigues , M. Alonzo, P. L. Andreoli , F. Filippi , Fe. Consoli, M. Huault , D. Raffestin , D. Molloy , H. Larreur , D. Singappuli , T. Carriere , C. Verona , P. Nicolai, A. McNamee , M. Ehret , E. Filippov , R. Lera , J. A. Pérez -Hernández, S. Agarwal , M. Krupka, S. Singh , V. Istokskaia , D. Lattuada , M. La ...

work page doi:10.1063/5.0241993 2025
[9]

Generation of radioisotopes for medical applications using high -repetition, high -intensity lasers

Batani KL, Rodrigues MRD, Bonasera A, et al. Generation of radioisotopes for medical applications using high -repetition, high -intensity lasers. High Power Laser Science and Engineering . Published online 2025:1-25. doi:10.1017/hpl.2024.92 [10] Hey D.S. et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys. Plasmas 16 (2009) 1231...

work page doi:10.1017/hpl.2024.92 2025
[10]

et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys

Hey D.S. et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys. Plasmas 16(2009)123108; doi:10.1063/1.3270079

work page doi:10.1063/1.3270079 2009
[11]

et al., Hydrodynamic scaling analysis of nuclear fusion driven by ultra -intense laser- plasma interactions, International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, No

Kimura S. et al., Hydrodynamic scaling analysis of nuclear fusion driven by ultra -intense laser- plasma interactions, International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, No. 12 (2012) 1250102. doi: 10.1142/S0218301312501029

work page doi:10.1142/s0218301312501029 2012
[12]

et al., Model-independent determination of the astrophysical S factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas, Phys

Lattuada D. et al., Model-independent determination of the astrophysical S factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas, Phys. Rev. C 93, 045808 (2016). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.93.045808

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.93.045808 2016
[13]

Ziegler J.,Srim, /http://www.srim.org

work page
[14]

, year = 1999, month = aug, volume =

C. Angulo et al., A compilation of charged particle induced thermonuclear reaction rates, Nuclear Physics A 656 (1999) 3. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00030-5

work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(99)00030-5 1999
[15]

et al., Measuring the Astrophysical S -Factor in Plasmas, 4th Int

Bonasera A. et al., Measuring the Astrophysical S -Factor in Plasmas, 4th Int. Conf. on Fission properties of neutron rich nuclei. Sanibel Is., Nov.2007, J.Hamilton et al. eds., P.541. doi:10.1142/9789812833433_0061

work page doi:10.1142/9789812833433_0061 2007
[16]

Quevedo H

Huang M., J. Quevedo H. J., Zhang G. & Bonasera A. (2019) Nuclear Astrophysics with Lasers, Nuclear Physics News, 29:3, 9-13, doi: 10.1080/10619127.2019.1603555

work page doi:10.1080/10619127.2019.1603555 2019
[17]

Bang et al., PRL 111, 055002 (2013)

W. Bang et al., PRL 111, 055002 (2013)

work page 2013
[18]

Bonasera, Hydrogen Clusters get Critical, Physics World, February 1999,20

A. Bonasera, Hydrogen Clusters get Critical, Physics World, February 1999,20. IOP publishing

work page 1999
[19]

M. Barbarino et al., Thermal and log -normal distributions of plasma in laser driven Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters, International Journal of Modern Physics E25 (2016)1650063

work page 2016
[20]

Pitaevskii, L.P., Physical Kinetics (Course of Theoretical physics; v.10), 1981Pergamon Press Inc

Lifshitz, E.M. Pitaevskii, L.P., Physical Kinetics (Course of Theoretical physics; v.10), 1981Pergamon Press Inc. Maxwell House, Fairview Park, New York 10523, USA

work page
[21]

Manukure, T

S. Manukure, T. Booker, A short overview of solitons and applications, Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100140

work page doi:10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100140 2021
[22]

et al., Sources and space–time distribution of the electromagnetic pulses in experiments on inertial confinement fusion and laser–plasma acceleration

Consoli F. et al., Sources and space–time distribution of the electromagnetic pulses in experiments on inertial confinement fusion and laser–plasma acceleration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 379(2020)0022. 19

work page 2020
[23]

Consoli F. et al., Generation of intense quasi electrostatic fields due to deposition of particles accelerated by petawatt -range laser -matter interactions, Scientific Reports (2019)9:8551 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44937-2

work page doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44937-2 2019
[24]

https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/cst-studio-suite/electromagnetic-simulation-solvers

work page
[25]

Depastas et al., Phys

T. Depastas et al., Phys. Lett. B 868 (2025) 139796. Appendix A schematic layout of the experiment performed at Vega III is given in figure 10. Figure 10. Schematic view of the experimental setup. The laser is impinging on the Al target slightly tilted respect to the laser direction to avoid dangerous reflections which could damage the optics. A B catcher...

work page 2025

[1] [1]

Rodrigues et al

M.R.D. Rodrigues et al. Matter Radiat. Extremes 9, 037203 (2024)

work page 2024

[2] [2]

et al., High power laser production of short-lived isotopes for positron emission tomography, J

Ledingham K.W.D. et al., High power laser production of short-lived isotopes for positron emission tomography, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37 (2004) 2341. doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/019

work page doi:10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/019 2004

[3] [3]

et al., Future laser-accelerated proton beams at ELI -Beamlines as potential source of positron emitters for PET, 2016 JINST 11 C04007

Amato E. et al., Future laser-accelerated proton beams at ELI -Beamlines as potential source of positron emitters for PET, 2016 JINST 11 C04007. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/04/C04007

work page doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/04/c04007 2016

[4] [4]

Improved Laser -to-Proton Conversion Efficiency in Isolated Reduced Mass Targets

Macchi, A., Borghesi, M. & Passoni, M. Ion acceleration by superintense laser-plasma interaction. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 (2013) 751. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.751; M. Passoni, C. Perego, A. Sgattoni, D. Batani «Advances in Target Normal Sheath Acceleration theory» PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 20, 060701 (2013); A. Morace, C. Bellei, T. Bartal, L. Willingale, J. Kim, A....

work page doi:10.1103/revmodphys.85.751 2013

[5] [5]

doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043

Kimura S., Bonasera A., Deuteron-induced reactions generated by intense lasers for PET isotope production, NIM A 637 (2011) 164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043

work page doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.043 2011

[6] [6]

and Mourou G., Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt

Strickland D. and Mourou G., Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt. Commun. 56 (1985) 219. doi: 10.1016/0030-4018(85)90151-8

work page doi:10.1016/0030-4018(85)90151-8 1985

[7] [7]

Huault , T

M. Huault , T. Carrière , H. Larreur , Ph. Nicolaï , D. Raffestin , D. Singappuli , E. D'Humieres , D. Dubresson, K. Batani, M. Cipriani, F. Filippi, M. Scisciò, C. Verona, L. Giuffrida, V. Kantarelou, S. Stancek, N. Boudjema , R. Lera , J. A. Pérez -Hernández, L. Volpe , M. D. Rodríguez Frías , A. Bonasera, M. R. D. Rodrigues , D. Ramirez Chavez , F. Con...

work page doi:10.1063/5.0238029 2025

[8] [8]

Scisciò, G

M. Scisciò, G. Petringa, Z. Zhu, M. R. D. Rodrigues , M. Alonzo, P. L. Andreoli , F. Filippi , Fe. Consoli, M. Huault , D. Raffestin , D. Molloy , H. Larreur , D. Singappuli , T. Carriere , C. Verona , P. Nicolai, A. McNamee , M. Ehret , E. Filippov , R. Lera , J. A. Pérez -Hernández, S. Agarwal , M. Krupka, S. Singh , V. Istokskaia , D. Lattuada , M. La ...

work page doi:10.1063/5.0241993 2025

[9] [9]

Generation of radioisotopes for medical applications using high -repetition, high -intensity lasers

Batani KL, Rodrigues MRD, Bonasera A, et al. Generation of radioisotopes for medical applications using high -repetition, high -intensity lasers. High Power Laser Science and Engineering . Published online 2025:1-25. doi:10.1017/hpl.2024.92 [10] Hey D.S. et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys. Plasmas 16 (2009) 1231...

work page doi:10.1017/hpl.2024.92 2025

[10] [10]

et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys

Hey D.S. et al., Laser-accelerated proton conversion efficiency thickness scaling, Phys. Plasmas 16(2009)123108; doi:10.1063/1.3270079

work page doi:10.1063/1.3270079 2009

[11] [11]

et al., Hydrodynamic scaling analysis of nuclear fusion driven by ultra -intense laser- plasma interactions, International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, No

Kimura S. et al., Hydrodynamic scaling analysis of nuclear fusion driven by ultra -intense laser- plasma interactions, International Journal of Modern Physics E 21, No. 12 (2012) 1250102. doi: 10.1142/S0218301312501029

work page doi:10.1142/s0218301312501029 2012

[12] [12]

et al., Model-independent determination of the astrophysical S factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas, Phys

Lattuada D. et al., Model-independent determination of the astrophysical S factor in laser-induced fusion plasmas, Phys. Rev. C 93, 045808 (2016). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.93.045808

work page doi:10.1103/physrevc.93.045808 2016

[13] [13]

Ziegler J.,Srim, /http://www.srim.org

work page

[14] [14]

, year = 1999, month = aug, volume =

C. Angulo et al., A compilation of charged particle induced thermonuclear reaction rates, Nuclear Physics A 656 (1999) 3. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(99)00030-5

work page doi:10.1016/s0375-9474(99)00030-5 1999

[15] [15]

et al., Measuring the Astrophysical S -Factor in Plasmas, 4th Int

Bonasera A. et al., Measuring the Astrophysical S -Factor in Plasmas, 4th Int. Conf. on Fission properties of neutron rich nuclei. Sanibel Is., Nov.2007, J.Hamilton et al. eds., P.541. doi:10.1142/9789812833433_0061

work page doi:10.1142/9789812833433_0061 2007

[16] [16]

Quevedo H

Huang M., J. Quevedo H. J., Zhang G. & Bonasera A. (2019) Nuclear Astrophysics with Lasers, Nuclear Physics News, 29:3, 9-13, doi: 10.1080/10619127.2019.1603555

work page doi:10.1080/10619127.2019.1603555 2019

[17] [17]

Bang et al., PRL 111, 055002 (2013)

W. Bang et al., PRL 111, 055002 (2013)

work page 2013

[18] [18]

Bonasera, Hydrogen Clusters get Critical, Physics World, February 1999,20

A. Bonasera, Hydrogen Clusters get Critical, Physics World, February 1999,20. IOP publishing

work page 1999

[19] [19]

M. Barbarino et al., Thermal and log -normal distributions of plasma in laser driven Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters, International Journal of Modern Physics E25 (2016)1650063

work page 2016

[20] [20]

Pitaevskii, L.P., Physical Kinetics (Course of Theoretical physics; v.10), 1981Pergamon Press Inc

Lifshitz, E.M. Pitaevskii, L.P., Physical Kinetics (Course of Theoretical physics; v.10), 1981Pergamon Press Inc. Maxwell House, Fairview Park, New York 10523, USA

work page

[21] [21]

Manukure, T

S. Manukure, T. Booker, A short overview of solitons and applications, Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathematics 4 (2021) 100140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100140

work page doi:10.1016/j.padiff.2021.100140 2021

[22] [22]

et al., Sources and space–time distribution of the electromagnetic pulses in experiments on inertial confinement fusion and laser–plasma acceleration

Consoli F. et al., Sources and space–time distribution of the electromagnetic pulses in experiments on inertial confinement fusion and laser–plasma acceleration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 379(2020)0022. 19

work page 2020

[23] [23]

Consoli F. et al., Generation of intense quasi electrostatic fields due to deposition of particles accelerated by petawatt -range laser -matter interactions, Scientific Reports (2019)9:8551 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44937-2

work page doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44937-2 2019

[24] [24]

https://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/cst-studio-suite/electromagnetic-simulation-solvers

work page

[25] [25]

Depastas et al., Phys

T. Depastas et al., Phys. Lett. B 868 (2025) 139796. Appendix A schematic layout of the experiment performed at Vega III is given in figure 10. Figure 10. Schematic view of the experimental setup. The laser is impinging on the Al target slightly tilted respect to the laser direction to avoid dangerous reflections which could damage the optics. A B catcher...

work page 2025