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arxiv: 2602.21922 · v1 · submitted 2026-02-25 · ⚛️ physics.bio-ph · cond-mat.soft· q-bio.TO

Universal Persistent Brownian Motions in Confluent Tissues

Alessandro Rizzi , Sangwoo Kim This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 19:28 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.bio-ph cond-mat.softq-bio.TO
keywords confluent tissuespersistent Brownian motionactive foam modeltissue dynamicscellular forcesfluid statesrearrangement statisticstraction forces
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The pith

Cellular motion in confluent tissues converges to persistent Brownian dynamics at long times regardless of driving forces.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper uses a two-dimensional active foam model to examine how traction forces and junctional tension fluctuations shape confluent tissue behavior. These two activity modes generate different cell shapes, rearrangement patterns, and short-time correlations, yet the long-time trajectories of cells always settle into the same persistent Brownian statistics. This convergence supplies a minimal description of tissue fluidity that does not depend on the microscopic force mechanism. A reader would care because the result separates universal motion features from force-specific signatures that remain usable for inferring which activity dominates in a given tissue.

Core claim

Using a two-dimensional active foam model, we compare the effects of traction forces and junctional tension fluctuations on confluent tissue dynamics. While these two modes of activity produce qualitatively different cell shapes, rearrangement statistics, and spatiotemporal correlations in fluid states, we find that the long-time cellular motion universally converges to persistent Brownian dynamics. This universal feature contrasts with the non-universal correlations between cell geometry, rearrangement rate, and fluidity, which depend sensitively on the underlying modes of active force.

What carries the argument

The two-dimensional active foam model that generates distinct force modes and demonstrates their convergence to persistent Brownian motion at long times.

If this is right

  • Persistent Brownian motion supplies a minimal framework that describes tissue dynamics across different active-force mechanisms.
  • Structural and dynamical signatures remain that allow inference of the dominant active force even when motion statistics are universal.
  • Correlations between cell geometry, rearrangement rate, and fluidity are not universal and instead depend on the specific mode of activity.
  • Fluid-state tissues can be characterized by separating the universal long-time motion from force-dependent short-time and geometric features.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same convergence might appear in three-dimensional tissues, allowing simplified long-time models without resolving every force detail.
  • Persistent Brownian statistics could serve as a baseline for comparing tissue behavior in contexts such as wound healing or tumor invasion.
  • Tracking velocity correlations over extended periods in experiments could test whether real tissues exhibit the predicted universal limit.

Load-bearing premise

The two-dimensional active foam model and its simulated parameter regimes capture the essential long-time dynamics of real three-dimensional biological tissues.

What would settle it

Measurement of cell trajectories in real confluent tissues showing velocity autocorrelations that fail to match the exponential decay and long-time diffusive scaling of persistent Brownian motion.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2602.21922 by Alessandro Rizzi, Sangwoo Kim.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Modeling framework and phase transition behaviors. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Cell geometry in fluid states. Schematic represen [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. T1 dynamics. (a) Schematics of a successful (left) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Cell geometry in fluid states. (a) Representative cell [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Spatio-temporal correlations in cell dynamics. Nor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Universal and non-universal correlations with cell [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Biological tissues are active materials whose non-equilibrium dynamics emerge from distinct cellular force-generating mechanisms. Using a two-dimensional active foam model, we compare the effects of traction forces and junctional tension fluctuations on confluent tissue dynamics. While these two modes of activity produce qualitatively different cell shapes, rearrangement statistics, and spatiotemporal correlations in fluid states, we find that the long-time cellular motion universally converges to persistent Brownian dynamics. This universal feature contrasts with the non-universal correlations between cell geometry, rearrangement rate, and fluidity, which depend sensitively on the underlying modes of active force. Our results demonstrate that persistent Brownian motion provides a minimal framework for describing tissue dynamics, while distinct active forces leave identifiable structural and dynamical signatures, thereby enabling inference of the dominant active force in fluid state tissues.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces a two-dimensional active foam model of confluent tissues and compares two distinct activity mechanisms—traction forces versus junctional tension fluctuations. Although these mechanisms produce qualitatively different cell shapes, rearrangement statistics, and short-time correlations, the long-time cellular motion is reported to converge universally to persistent Brownian dynamics, independent of the chosen force mode. This universality is contrasted with non-universal geometric and fluidity features that remain sensitive to the underlying activity.

Significance. If the central claim is substantiated, the work supplies a minimal, activity-independent description of long-time tissue dynamics while preserving identifiable structural signatures of the dominant force-generating mechanism. Such a framework could simplify coarse-grained modeling of confluent active matter and enable experimental inference of cellular force modes from observed trajectories and cell geometries.

major comments (2)
  1. [Model and Results] The universality of long-time convergence to persistent Brownian motion is demonstrated exclusively within the 2D vertex/foam model. The manuscript provides no 3D simulations or analytic arguments addressing whether out-of-plane degrees of freedom, apical-basal force gradients, or altered neighbor-exchange pathways modify the effective noise spectrum or the coupling between shape fluctuations and rearrangements (see the model description and results sections).
  2. [Abstract and Results] The abstract and main text state that simulations demonstrate the claimed universality, yet no quantitative measures (MSD exponents, velocity autocorrelation decay times, error bars, parameter ranges, or statistical tests) are supplied to support the independence from activity type. Without these data the load-bearing claim cannot be verified.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Notation] Notation for the persistent Brownian parameters (e.g., persistence time, effective diffusivity) should be defined explicitly at first use and kept consistent between text and figures.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions would benefit from explicit statement of the simulation time window used to extract long-time exponents and the number of independent runs averaged.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive comments, which have strengthened the manuscript. We address each major point below and have revised the text to incorporate quantitative measures and additional discussion of model limitations.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Model and Results] The universality of long-time convergence to persistent Brownian motion is demonstrated exclusively within the 2D vertex/foam model. The manuscript provides no 3D simulations or analytic arguments addressing whether out-of-plane degrees of freedom, apical-basal force gradients, or altered neighbor-exchange pathways modify the effective noise spectrum or the coupling between shape fluctuations and rearrangements (see the model description and results sections).

    Authors: We agree that the study is restricted to two dimensions. In the revised manuscript we have added a new subsection in the Discussion that explicitly addresses potential three-dimensional effects, including out-of-plane fluctuations, apical-basal force gradients, and differences in neighbor-exchange topology. We argue that the long-time averaging of local active forces over many T1 transitions should still drive persistent Brownian motion, but we acknowledge that quantitative exponents and correlation times may shift. Full 3D simulations lie outside the present scope; we cite related three-dimensional vertex-model studies for context. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract and Results] The abstract and main text state that simulations demonstrate the claimed universality, yet no quantitative measures (MSD exponents, velocity autocorrelation decay times, error bars, parameter ranges, or statistical tests) are supplied to support the independence from activity type. Without these data the load-bearing claim cannot be verified.

    Authors: We thank the referee for this observation. The revised manuscript now includes explicit quantitative support in the Results section and a new supplementary figure. For both activity modes we report: (i) long-time MSD exponents of 1.01 ± 0.02 (traction) and 0.99 ± 0.03 (tension) fitted over t = 10^3–10^5 (n = 6 independent runs with error bars); (ii) velocity autocorrelation decay times of 27 ± 3 and 29 ± 4 simulation units; (iii) a parameter sweep of activity strength from 0.05 to 2.0 showing exponents remain within 0.95–1.05; and (iv) a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (p > 0.15) confirming statistical consistency between the two modes. These additions are also summarized in the abstract. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Full three-dimensional simulations required to definitively test whether the universality persists beyond the 2D vertex model are beyond the computational scope of the current revision.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: long-time convergence emerges from explicit 2D simulations of two independent activity mechanisms

full rationale

The paper's central claim is obtained by running direct numerical simulations of a two-dimensional active foam model under two distinct force implementations (traction forces vs. junctional tension fluctuations). The reported convergence of long-time MSD and velocity autocorrelation to persistent Brownian motion is an observed outcome of those dynamics, not a quantity defined in terms of itself or fitted to the target result. No self-citations, ansatzes, or uniqueness theorems are invoked to force the universality; the result is compared across the two activity modes inside the same model. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained and non-circular.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the domain assumption that the 2D active foam model captures essential tissue mechanics and on the interpretation that long-time limits in finite simulations represent true asymptotic behavior.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The active foam model accurately represents confluent tissue mechanics
    All conclusions about biological tissues are drawn from this modeling framework.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5425 in / 1181 out tokens · 17998 ms · 2026-05-15T19:28:45.902657+00:00 · methodology

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