Deterministic Electrical Switching in Altermagnets via Surface Antisymmetry Groups

A surface antisymmetry group framework is developed to establish design rules for deterministic electrical switching of the N\'eel vector in a film of a collinear bipartite antiferromagnet. In centrosymmetric altermagnets, where current-induced spin-orbit torques vanish in the bulk, staggered effective fields can nevertheless exist as a macroscopic interfacial response, whose allowed tensor form is determined by the surface antisymmetry point group for the given surface orientation. Separately, the structure of the spin conductivity tensor determines which surface orientations allow transverse spin current generation via the nonrelativistic spin-splitter effect. Taken together, these symmetry-enforced properties establish which surface orientations of $d$-wave altermagnets can serve as deterministically switchable spin current sources in spin-torque heterostructures. Because the design rules are based solely on the surface antisymmetry point group, the symmetry-allowed staggered effective fields are robust against averaging over equilibrium surface roughness.