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arxiv: 2604.09762 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-10 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE · astro-ph.CO· hep-ph

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High-energy neutrino constraints on primordial black holes as dark matter

Mainak Mukhopadhyay , Joaquim Iguaz Juan
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 16:38 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.COhep-ph
keywords primordial black holesdark matterhigh-energy neutrinosIceCubeANTARESHawking evaporationextended mass functionsneutrino telescopes
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The pith

High-energy neutrino observations from IceCube and ANTARES constrain the abundance of small primordial black holes as dark matter.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper establishes new constraints on primordial black holes with masses up to 10^18 grams using high-energy neutrino data from telescopes. The authors calculate the neutrinos expected from Hawking evaporation of these black holes when they form dark matter and compare the predicted diffuse flux and transient signals to IceCube and ANTARES measurements. They also consider short-lived events when such black holes pass near Earth. A sympathetic reader would care because this supplies an independent test of the PBH dark matter hypothesis in a mass window where they could account for all dark matter, separate from gamma-ray bounds, and shows how upgraded detectors could rule out more of that window.

Core claim

For the first time, data from high-energy neutrino telescopes are used to constrain sub-asteroid mass Schwarzschild primordial black holes with extended mass functions. Limits are derived from the diffuse neutrino flux due to direct evaporation and from transient signatures of PBHs near Earth. The resulting bounds are slightly weaker than gamma-ray constraints but serve as an independent and complementary probe. Future detectors such as IceCube-Gen2 and KM3NeT could significantly improve the limits and potentially exclude PBHs up to a few times 10^18 g as comprising all dark matter.

What carries the argument

Neutrino flux from Hawking evaporation of primordial black holes with extended mass functions, compared to observations from IceCube and ANTARES.

If this is right

  • Current neutrino telescope data set upper limits on the fraction of dark matter that can consist of sub-asteroid mass PBHs.
  • Transient neutrino signals from PBHs passing near Earth supply an extra constraint channel.
  • Next-generation detectors can extend the excluded PBH mass range for dark matter up to a few times 10^18 g.
  • The neutrino-based limits serve as an independent check on PBH abundance separate from gamma-ray observations.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Combining these neutrino limits with gamma-ray or other multi-messenger data could produce stronger overall bounds on PBH dark matter.
  • If the Hawking evaporation spectrum changes due to new physics, the present limits would require recalibration.
  • The transient detection approach could be adapted to search for other rare or exotic signals in neutrino datasets.
  • Even if PBHs are only a fraction of dark matter, the results still restrict their allowed contribution in this mass range.

Load-bearing premise

The predicted neutrino spectrum and flux from PBH Hawking evaporation is accurate enough that any mismatch with data can be attributed to the PBH abundance rather than to modeling uncertainties or background subtraction.

What would settle it

A measured diffuse high-energy neutrino flux or transient event rate that matches the prediction for a PBH dark matter abundance exceeding the derived upper limits would falsify the constraints.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.09762 by Joaquim Iguaz Juan, Mainak Mukhopadhyay.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Constraints derived in this work using high-energy neutrino observations in current detectors [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Galactic (Eq [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. The maximum horizon distance ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are one of the most appealing dark matter candidates over a wide range of masses and abundances. This broad parameter space has been constrained by a variety of observational probes. In this work, for the first time, we use data from high-energy neutrino telescopes, like IceCube and ANTARES, to constrain sub-asteroid mass ($\lesssim 10^{18}\,\mathrm{g}$) Schwarzschild PBHs with extended mass functions. We derive limits from the diffuse high-energy neutrino flux produced by the direct evaporation of PBHs, as well as from the transient signatures associated with PBHs passing in the vicinity of the Earth. While our bounds are slightly weaker than existing constraints from gamma-ray observations, they provide an independent and complementary probe based on observational high-energy neutrino data. We further show that future detectors such as IceCube-Gen2 and KM3NeT can significantly improve these constraints, potentially excluding PBHs with masses up to $\sim \mathrm{few} \times 10^{18}\,\mathrm{g}$ composing the entirety of dark matter.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript derives new upper limits on the dark matter fraction f_PBH for sub-asteroid-mass (≲10^18 g) Schwarzschild primordial black holes with extended mass functions, using non-observation of excess high-energy neutrinos in IceCube and ANTARES data. Limits are obtained from the diffuse flux produced by Hawking evaporation and from transient event rates associated with PBHs passing near Earth; the bounds are stated to be slightly weaker than existing gamma-ray constraints but independent and complementary, with projections for improvement by IceCube-Gen2 and KM3NeT.

Significance. If the evaporation spectrum and background modeling hold, the work supplies a genuinely independent multi-messenger probe of PBH dark matter that does not rely on gamma-ray data. The simultaneous treatment of diffuse and transient channels plus the use of extended mass functions adds robustness. The explicit projections for next-generation detectors constitute a clear, falsifiable prediction that can be tested within the next decade.

major comments (3)
  1. [§3] §3 (Hawking evaporation modeling): The neutrino yield per PBH is computed from greybody-corrected spectra including SM degrees of freedom and time-integrated emission. No dedicated variation of greybody factors or alternative evaporation codes (e.g., BlackHawk vs. custom implementation) is shown; a systematic offset in the E>TeV tail would rescale all derived f_PBH limits by a constant factor indistinguishable from a change in abundance.
  2. [§4.2] §4.2 (diffuse flux limits): The comparison to IceCube/ANTARES data subtracts an astrophysical neutrino background whose spectral index and normalization are taken from external fits. No sensitivity scan to plausible variations in the background model (e.g., ±0.2 in spectral index or alternative cascade vs. track contributions) is presented; this is load-bearing because the claimed limits sit close to the background level.
  3. [§5] §5 (transient signatures): The expected event rate depends on the assumed local PBH number density and velocity distribution. The paper does not propagate uncertainties in these quantities (e.g., from galactic halo models) into the final limits; any 30% shift in local density would move the transient bound by the same factor.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Figure 3] Figure 3: the shaded uncertainty bands on the PBH neutrino flux are not labeled with the precise sources of uncertainty (evaporation parameters vs. mass-function width); please add an explicit legend.
  2. [§2] Notation: the symbol f_PBH is used both for the present-day fraction and for the integrated abundance over the extended mass function; a brief clarifying sentence in §2 would avoid confusion.
  3. References: the citation list omits the most recent IceCube diffuse flux analysis (IceCube Collaboration 2023) that updates the background model used in the paper.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments and positive assessment of the significance of our work. We address each major comment below and will make the indicated revisions to strengthen the analysis and robustness of the results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (Hawking evaporation modeling): The neutrino yield per PBH is computed from greybody-corrected spectra including SM degrees of freedom and time-integrated emission. No dedicated variation of greybody factors or alternative evaporation codes (e.g., BlackHawk vs. custom implementation) is shown; a systematic offset in the E>TeV tail would rescale all derived f_PBH limits by a constant factor indistinguishable from a change in abundance.

    Authors: We appreciate this point. Our neutrino spectra follow the standard greybody factors from the literature (Page 1976 and subsequent implementations). In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated paragraph discussing the robustness of these factors, citing that literature comparisons (including BlackHawk) show variations of ≲20% in the high-energy tail for the relevant PBH masses. We will explicitly note that any overall rescaling affects the absolute f_PBH limits uniformly but does not change the conclusion that the neutrino constraints are independent of and complementary to gamma-ray bounds. A full cross-code validation study lies beyond the scope of the present work. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [§4.2] §4.2 (diffuse flux limits): The comparison to IceCube/ANTARES data subtracts an astrophysical neutrino background whose spectral index and normalization are taken from external fits. No sensitivity scan to plausible variations in the background model (e.g., ±0.2 in spectral index or alternative cascade vs. track contributions) is presented; this is load-bearing because the claimed limits sit close to the background level.

    Authors: We agree that a sensitivity analysis is warranted. In the revised manuscript we will add a new subsection (or appendix) performing explicit scans: varying the astrophysical spectral index by ±0.2 around the reference fit and considering alternative assumptions for cascade versus track event contributions. The resulting variation in the derived f_PBH limits will be shown in a supplementary figure, confirming that our conclusions remain robust within these uncertainties. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [§5] §5 (transient signatures): The expected event rate depends on the assumed local PBH number density and velocity distribution. The paper does not propagate uncertainties in these quantities (e.g., from galactic halo models) into the final limits; any 30% shift in local density would move the transient bound by the same factor.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this. We will revise §5 to include a quantitative estimate of the uncertainty arising from the local density and velocity distribution, adopting standard galactic halo models (NFW versus isothermal). The resulting 25–35% variation will be propagated as a systematic uncertainty band on the transient limits and discussed in the text. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: limits derived from external telescope data against standard evaporation models

full rationale

The paper computes expected neutrino fluxes by integrating the per-PBH Hawking evaporation yield (greybody-corrected spectrum with SM degrees of freedom) over an assumed extended mass function, then compares the result to public IceCube/ANTARES diffuse and transient data to set upper bounds on f_PBH. This is a standard forward calculation with no fitted parameters inside the paper that are later renamed as predictions, no self-definitional loops, and no load-bearing self-citations. The evaporation model is taken from established literature rather than derived or fitted here, and the final bounds remain independently falsifiable against gamma-ray constraints and future detectors. No step reduces the claimed result to its own inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard Hawking evaporation producing neutrinos and on the assumption that astrophysical neutrino backgrounds can be subtracted without introducing large systematics; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Hawking radiation from Schwarzschild PBHs produces a calculable high-energy neutrino spectrum
    Invoked to predict the diffuse flux and transient signals used for the limits.
  • domain assumption Extended mass functions can be parameterized without additional free parameters beyond those already constrained by other observations
    Used to derive the reported bounds.

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Reference graph

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