arxiv: 2604.10340 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-11 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Recognition: unknown

Precise measurement of the Kerr coefficient using phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging

J. K. Wahlstrand , C. D. Cruz

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 15:12 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics

keywords Kerr coefficientn2 measurementpump-probe spectroscopyhyperspectral imagingoptical nonlinearityfused silicaZ-scan techniqueRaman contribution

0 comments

The pith

Phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging enables precise absolute two-beam measurements of the optical Kerr coefficient n2.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging as a precise technique for absolute two-beam measurements of the optical Kerr coefficient n2. Rastering the pump beam across the probe creates a complex hyperspectral image that captures the nonlinear response and rejects backgrounds, with spectral information revealing the temporal irradiance profile. Demonstration on fused silica near 1 micrometer wavelength shows good agreement with Z-scan results when the Raman contribution's two-beam grating effect is modeled and subtracted. This approach allows detailed uncertainty analysis and suggests improvements for even better precision in nonlinear optical measurements.

Core claim

The paper establishes that phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging is a precise technique for absolute two-beam measurements of the optical Kerr coefficient n2. By rastering the pump across the probe to generate a hyperspectral image of the pump-induced nonlinear response and rejecting backgrounds, the method characterizes the irradiance profile. When demonstrated on fused silica near 1 micrometer, it shows good agreement with Z-scan measurements provided the Raman nonlinearity's grating effect is modeled and subtracted. Uncertainty contributions are analyzed in detail with an outlook for precision improvements.

What carries the argument

Phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging, which produces a complex-valued hyperspectral image of the nonlinear response by raster scanning the pump beam across the probe.

If this is right

It enables absolute two-beam n2 measurements instead of relative single-beam approaches.
Background effects are rejected through rastering of the pump beam and phase-sensitive detection.
Good agreement with Z-scan is achieved once the Raman grating effect is subtracted.
Uncertainty sources are quantified, supporting targeted improvements in measurement precision.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The hyperspectral data could allow extraction of wavelength-dependent n2 variations within a single scan.
This two-beam approach might reduce artifacts in samples prone to thermal lensing compared to single-beam methods.
Extending the raster-scan principle to other nonlinear processes could help isolate electronic versus nuclear contributions more directly.

Load-bearing premise

The two-beam grating effect arising from the Raman contribution to the nonlinearity is correctly modeled and subtracted when comparing results to those from Z-scan.

What would settle it

A repeated measurement on fused silica near 1 micrometer that produces an n2 value differing from the Z-scan benchmark by more than the stated uncertainty even after Raman modeling.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.10340 by C. D. Cruz, J. K. Wahlstrand.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Pump-probe results on fused silica with the pump beam [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: (a) Phase image at λ = 947 nm. (b) Raw pump spot image. As described earlier, we use the known probe beam spectral phase to reconstruct ∆φ(t,x, y) and ∆A(t,x,y). The phase image using 20 × 20 spatial bins is shown in Fig. 3a at λ = 947 nm. A reconstructed image of the pump spot, created by sampling the pump images at the location of the probe spot, is shown in Fig. 3b. A fit of the phase image to a 2D Gaus… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Z-scan experimental results. Closed aperture ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging is a precise technique for absolute two-beam measurements of the optical Kerr coefficient ($n_2$). The irradiance profile is characterized and background effects are rejected by rastering the pump beam across the probe beam to yield a complex-valued hyperspectral image of the pump-induced nonlinear response. Information about the temporal irradiance profile is carried in the spectral response. The technique is demonstrated by measuring $n_2$ of a fused silica sample near 1 $\mu$m wavelength and benchmarked against a measurement using Z-scan [Sheik-Bahae et al., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, 760-769 (1990)], the most commonly used single-beam technique. Good agreement is found when the two-beam grating effect from the Raman contribution to the nonlinearity is considered. Uncertainty contributions are described in detail and the outlook is discussed for improvements in precision.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper introduces a phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging method for n2 that rejects backgrounds via raster scanning and matches Z-scan after Raman grating correction, but it is an incremental experimental refinement rather than a broad advance.

read the letter

The main point is a new two-beam technique that uses phase-sensitive detection and hyperspectral imaging while rastering the pump beam to build a complex image of the nonlinear response. Temporal details come from the spectral content, and background rejection improves over standard single-beam approaches like Z-scan. They test it on fused silica near 1 micron and report agreement with the classic Sheik-Bahae Z-scan result once the two-beam Raman grating term is subtracted. Uncertainty sources are listed explicitly, which is useful for anyone trying to replicate or adapt the setup. The work is technically sound on its own terms and shows honest engagement with the practical limits of two-beam measurements. The Raman correction is modeled rather than ignored, and the paper flags that step as necessary for the match. That modeling step is the main soft spot: any inaccuracy in the Raman response or its temporal profile would shift the extracted n2, and the paper does not appear to provide an independent cross-check beyond the Z-scan comparison. The demonstration is also narrow—one material, one wavelength range—so claims of general precision rest on how well the method travels to other samples. This is the kind of paper that experimental groups in nonlinear optics would read for the implementation details and the background-rejection trick. A reader already running pump-probe setups could pull ideas from the raster and hyperspectral parts without needing to overhaul their whole lab. It is not revolutionary, but the evidence supports the central claim within the subfield and the description is clear enough to evaluate. I would send it to peer review so referees can check the data processing and error propagation in the full figures and supplementary material.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging as a technique for absolute two-beam measurements of the optical Kerr coefficient n2. By rastering the pump beam across the probe to produce a complex-valued hyperspectral image, the method characterizes the irradiance profile, rejects backgrounds, and extracts temporal information from the spectral response. The approach is demonstrated on fused silica near 1 μm, benchmarked against Z-scan, with good agreement obtained after modeling the two-beam grating effect arising from the Raman contribution to the nonlinearity; a detailed uncertainty analysis is included.

Significance. If the central result holds, the work provides a useful addition to nonlinear optics metrology by enabling precise absolute n2 measurements in a two-beam geometry that can be directly compared to single-beam standards. The explicit treatment of the Raman grating correction and the provision of uncertainty contributions are strengths that support the precision claim. The method's hyperspectral encoding of temporal profiles and outlook for further improvements add practical value for applications requiring accurate Kerr coefficients.

minor comments (3)

[Abstract] Abstract: the statement of 'good agreement' with Z-scan would be strengthened by a quantitative metric (e.g., relative difference or overlap with reported uncertainties) rather than a qualitative description.
[Methods] The definition and notation for the complex-valued hyperspectral image (real and imaginary components) should be introduced explicitly in the main text before the results are presented, to aid readers unfamiliar with the phase-sensitive detection scheme.
[Results] Figure captions for the hyperspectral images and extracted n2 values should include the specific wavelength range, pump-probe delay settings, and any fitting parameters used in the Raman correction to improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive summary, significance assessment, and recommendation of minor revision. The referee's description of the method, its benchmarking against Z-scan, and the treatment of the Raman grating effect accurately reflects the manuscript.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation or measurement chain

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental measurement of the optical Kerr coefficient n2 in fused silica using phase-sensitive pump-probe hyperspectral imaging, with the central value obtained by rastering the pump across the probe to form a complex hyperspectral image and extracting the nonlinear response after characterizing the irradiance profile. This measured n2 is benchmarked against an independent prior Z-scan result (Sheik-Bahae et al. 1990) and shows agreement only after applying a known correction for the two-beam grating effect arising from the Raman contribution; neither the extraction procedure nor the final reported value reduces by construction to a parameter fitted from the same dataset. No self-definitional loops, fitted-input predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the derivation chain. The technique is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review yields no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; the method rests on standard nonlinear optics models for Kerr and Raman responses.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Standard models for instantaneous Kerr and delayed Raman nonlinear responses in fused silica
The comparison to Z-scan requires assuming the Raman grating effect follows established two-beam coupling formulas.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5453 in / 1172 out tokens · 47711 ms · 2026-05-10T15:12:12.569715+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

45 extracted references · 41 canonical work pages

[1]

Hellwarth , author J

author author R. Hellwarth , author J. Cherlow ,\ and\ author T.-T. \ Yang ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevB.11.964 journal journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 11 ,\ pages 964 ( year 1975 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physrevb.11.964 1975
[2]

author author R. H. \ Stolen \ and\ author W. J. \ Tomlinson ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.9.000565 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 9 ,\ pages 565 ( year 1992 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.9.000565 1992
[3]

Trillo \ and\ author S

author author S. Trillo \ and\ author S. Wabnitz ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.9.001061 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 9 ,\ pages 1061 ( year 1992 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.9.001061 1992
[4]

Reichert , author H

author author M. Reichert , author H. Hu , author M. R. \ Ferdinandus , author M. Seidel , author P. Zhao , author T. R. \ Ensley , author D. Peceli , author J. M. \ Reed , author D. A. \ Fishman , author S. Webster , author D. J. \ Hagan , \ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/OPTICA.1.000436 journal journal Optica \ volume 1 ,\ pages 436 ( year ...

work page doi:10.1364/optica.1.000436 2014
[5]

author author E. L. \ Buckland \ and\ author R. W. \ Boyd ,\ 10.1364/OL.21.001117 journal journal Opt. Lett. , 21, 1117-1119 \ ( year 1996 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.21.001117 1996
[6]

author author A. V. \ Cherenkov , author N. M. \ Kondratiev , author V. E. \ Lobanov , author A. E. \ Shitikov , author D. V. \ Skryabin , \ and\ author M. L. \ Gorodetsky ,\ 10.1364/OE.25.031148 journal journal Opt. Express \ volume 25 ,\ pages 31148 ( year 2017 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/oe.25.031148 2017
[7]

Vermeulen , author D

author author N. Vermeulen , author D. Espinosa , author A. Ball , author J. Ballato , author P. Boucaud , author G. Boudebs , author C. L. A. V. \ Campos , author P. Dragic , author A. S. L. \ Gomes , author M. J. \ Huttunen , author N. Kinsey , author R. Mildren , author D. Neshev , author L. A. \ Padilha , author M. Pu , author R. Secondo , author E. T...

work page doi:10.1088/2515-7647/ac9e2f 2023
[8]

Sheik-bahae , author A

author author M. Sheik-bahae , author A. A. \ Said ,\ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/OL.14.000955 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 14 ,\ pages 955 ( year 1989 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.14.000955 1989
[9]

author author D. N. \ Christodoulides , author I. C. \ Khoo , author G. J. \ Salamo , author G. I. \ Stegeman , \ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/AOP.2.000060 journal journal Adv. Opt. Photonics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 60 ( year 2010 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/aop.2.000060 2010
[10]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author Y.-H. \ Cheng ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevA.85.043820 journal journal Phys. Rev. A \ volume 85 ,\ pages 043820 ( year 2012 a ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.85.043820 2012
[11]

author author M. R. \ Ferdinandus , author H. Hu , author M. Reichert , author D. J. \ Hagan ,\ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/OL.38.003518 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 38 ,\ pages 3518 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.38.003518 2013
[12]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author S. Zahedpour , author Y.-H. \ Cheng , author J. P. \ Palastro ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevA.92.063828 journal journal Phys. Rev. A \ volume 92 ,\ pages 063828 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.92.063828 2015
[13]

author author K. Y. \ Kim , author I. Alexeev ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1063/1.1524701 journal journal Appl. Phys. Lett. \ volume 81 ,\ pages 4124 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1063/1.1524701 2002
[14]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author Y.-H. \ Cheng ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.113904 journal journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 109 ,\ pages 113904 ( year 2012 b ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.113904 2012
[15]

Zahedpour , author J

author author S. Zahedpour , author J. K. \ Wahlstrand ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1364/OL.40.005794 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 40 ,\ pages 5794 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.40.005794 2015
[16]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author S. Zahedpour , author A. Bahl , author M. Kolesik ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ @noop journal journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 120 ,\ pages 183901 ( year 2018 ) NoStop

2018
[17]

Zahedpour , author S

author author S. Zahedpour , author S. W. \ Hancock ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1364/OL.44.000843 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 44 ,\ pages 843 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.44.000843 2019
[18]

author author S. W. \ Hancock , author S. Zahedpour ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1364/OL.417803 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 46 ,\ pages 1013 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.417803 2021
[19]

author author C. D. \ Cruz , author J. C. \ Stephenson ,\ and\ author J. K. \ Wahlstrand ,\ 10.1364/OPTICA.530147 journal journal Optica \ volume 11 ,\ pages 1313 ( year 2024 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/optica.530147 2024
[20]

author author R. A. \ Negres , author J. M. \ Hales , author A. Kobyakov , author D. J. \ Hagan ,\ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/OL.27.000270 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 27 ,\ pages 270 ( year 2002 a ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.27.000270 2002
[21]

Negres , author J

author author R. Negres , author J. Hales , author A. Kobyakov , author D. Hagan , \ and\ author E. Van Stryland ,\ 10.1109/JQE.2002.802448 journal journal IEEE J. Quantum Electron. \ volume 38 ,\ pages 1205 ( year 2002 b ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1109/jqe.2002.802448 2002
[22]

Tokunaga , author A

author author E. Tokunaga , author A. Terasaki ,\ and\ author T. Kobayashi ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.12.000753 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 12 ,\ pages 753 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.12.000753 1995
[23]

author author I. H. \ Malitson ,\ 10.1364/JOSA.55.001205 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. \ volume 55 ,\ pages 1205 ( year 1965 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josa.55.001205 1965
[24]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author S. Zahedpour ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.33.001476 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 33 ,\ pages 1476 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.33.001476 2016
[25]

Boyd ,\ @noop title Nonlinear Optics ,\ edition third \ ed.\ ( publisher Academic Press ,\ year 2008 ) NoStop

author author R. Boyd ,\ @noop title Nonlinear Optics ,\ edition third \ ed.\ ( publisher Academic Press ,\ year 2008 ) NoStop

2008
[26]

Zhao \ and\ author P

author author W. Zhao \ and\ author P. Palffy‐Muhoray ,\ 10.1063/1.110712 journal journal Appl. Phys. Lett. \ volume 63 ,\ pages 1613 ( year 1993 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1063/1.110712 1993
[27]

Sheik-Bahae , author A

author author M. Sheik-Bahae , author A. Said , author T.-H. \ Wei , author D. Hagan ,\ and\ author E. Van Stryland ,\ 10.1109/3.53394 journal journal IEEE J. Quantum Electron. \ volume 26 ,\ pages 760 ( year 1990 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1109/3.53394 1990
[28]

DeSalvo , author A

author author R. DeSalvo , author A. Said , author D. Hagan , author E. Van Stryland ,\ and\ author M. Sheik-Bahae ,\ 10.1109/3.511545 journal journal IEEE J. Quantum Electron. \ volume 32 ,\ pages 1324 ( year 1996 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1109/3.511545 1996
[29]

Milam ,\ 10.1364/AO.37.000546 journal journal Appl

author author D. Milam ,\ 10.1364/AO.37.000546 journal journal Appl. Opt. \ volume 37 ,\ pages 546 ( year 1998 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ao.37.000546 1998
[30]

author author S. R. \ Flom , author G. Beadie , author S. S. \ Bayya , author B. Shaw ,\ and\ author J. M. \ Auxier ,\ 10.1364/AO.54.00F123 journal journal Appl. Opt. \ volume 54 ,\ pages F123 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ao.54.00f123 2015
[31]

Kabaciński , author T

author author P. Kabaciński , author T. M. \ Kardaś , author Y. Stepanenko ,\ and\ author C. Radzewicz ,\ 10.1364/OE.27.011018 journal journal Opt. Express \ volume 27 ,\ pages 11018 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/oe.27.011018 2019
[32]

Jansonas , author R

author author G. Jansonas , author R. Budriūnas , author M. Vengris ,\ and\ author A. Varanavičius ,\ 10.1364/OE.458850 journal journal Opt. Express \ volume 30 ,\ pages 30507 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/oe.458850 2022
[33]

Schiek ,\ 10.1364/OME.489520 journal journal Opt

author author R. Schiek ,\ 10.1364/OME.489520 journal journal Opt. Mater. Express \ volume 13 ,\ pages 1727 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ome.489520 2023
[34]

Santran , author L

author author S. Santran , author L. Canioni , author L. Sarger , author T. Cardinal ,\ and\ author E. Fargin ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.21.002180 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 21 ,\ pages 2180 ( year 2004 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.21.002180 2004
[35]

author author E. W. \ Van Stryland , author A. L. \ Smirl , author T. F. \ Boggess , author M. J. \ Soileau , author B. S. \ Wherett , \ and\ author F. A. \ Hopf ,\ in\ @noop booktitle Picosecond Phenomena III ,\ series Springer Series in Chemical Physics , Vol. volume 23 \ ( publisher Springer-Verlag ,\ address Berlin ,\ year 1982 )\ pp.\ pages 368--371 NoStop

1982
[36]

author author A. L. \ Smirl , author T. F. \ Boggess , author B. S. \ Wherrett , author G. P. \ Perryman ,\ and\ author A. Miller ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.933 journal journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 49 ,\ pages 933 ( year 1982 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.49.933 1982
[37]

author author J. K. \ Wahlstrand , author J. H. \ Odhner , author E. T. \ McCole , author Y.-H. \ Cheng , author J. P. \ Palastro , author R. J. \ Levis ,\ and\ author H. M. \ Milchberg ,\ 10.1103/PhysRevA.87.053801 journal journal Phys. Rev. A \ volume 87 ,\ pages 053801 ( year 2013 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1103/physreva.87.053801 2013
[38]

author author R. H. \ Stolen , author J. P. \ Gordon , author W. J. \ Tomlinson ,\ and\ author H. A. \ Haus ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.6.001159 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 6 ,\ pages 1159 ( year 1989 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.6.001159 1989
[39]

Smolorz , author F

author author S. Smolorz , author F. Wise ,\ and\ author N. F. \ Borrelli ,\ 10.1364/OL.24.001103 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 24 ,\ pages 1103 ( year 1999 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.24.001103 1999
[40]

Dogariu , author T

author author A. Dogariu , author T. Xia , author D. J. \ Hagan , author A. A. \ Said , author E. W. \ Van Stryland , \ and\ author N. Bloembergen ,\ 10.1364/JOSAB.14.000796 journal journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B \ volume 14 ,\ pages 796 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/josab.14.000796 1997
[41]

Trebino , author K

author author R. Trebino , author K. W. \ DeLong , author D. N. \ Fittinghoff , author J. N. \ Sweetser , author M. A. \ Krumbügel , author B. A. \ Richman , \ and\ author D. J. \ Kane ,\ 10.1063/1.1148286 journal journal Rev. Sci. Inst. \ volume 68 ,\ pages 3277 ( year 1997 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1063/1.1148286 1997
[42]

author author B. J. \ Furey , author R. M. \ Barba-Barba , author R. Carriles , author A. Bernal , author B. S. \ Mendoza , \ and\ author M. C. \ Downer ,\ 10.1063/5.0047478 journal journal J. Appl. Phys. \ volume 129 ,\ pages 183109 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1063/5.0047478 2021
[43]

Xia , author D

author author T. Xia , author D. J. \ Hagan , author M. Sheik-Bahae ,\ and\ author E. W. \ Van Stryland ,\ 10.1364/OL.19.000317 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 19 ,\ pages 317 ( year 1994 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.19.000317 1994
[44]

M. C. Fischer, J. W. Wilson, F. E. Robles, and W. S. Warren, Rev. Sci. Inst. 87, 031101 (2016)

2016
[45]

author author R. E. \ Bridges , author G. L. \ Fischer ,\ and\ author R. W. \ Boyd ,\ 10.1364/OL.20.001821 journal journal Opt. Lett. \ volume 20 ,\ pages 1821 ( year 1995 ) NoStop

work page doi:10.1364/ol.20.001821 1995