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arxiv: 2604.13181 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-14 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO

Recognition: unknown

Searching for axions with quantum interferometry

Michael Spannowsky, Tanmay Kumar Poddar

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 14:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.CO
keywords axionsAharonov-Bohm phaseBerry phaserf-SQUIDquantum interferometryaxion-photon couplingdark matterJosephson phase
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The pith

Axion dark matter imprints a measurable Aharonov-Bohm phase in rf-SQUIDs that reaches couplings of 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1}.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes that axion-photon interactions produce detectable quantum phases in laboratory setups. A coherently oscillating axion dark matter field induces an effective current that creates time-dependent magnetic flux inside an rf-SQUID. This flux shifts the Josephson phase and generates a voltage signal that can be measured. For benchmark values the method reaches a minimum coupling of roughly 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} at axion masses near 10^{-10} eV and improves existing limits by one to two orders of magnitude. The authors also examine Berry phases in Mach-Zehnder interferometers and in three-level axion-quasiparticle systems to extend the approach to other mass ranges and coupled systems.

Core claim

Axion-photon interactions imprint both Aharonov-Bohm and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling g_aγγ^min ∼ 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} at axion mass m_a ∼ 10^{-10} eV, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits by one to two orders of magnitude. A geometric phase is also identified in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magneticfield

What carries the argument

The time-dependent magnetic flux generated by the axion-induced effective current inside an rf-SQUID, which is read out through the resulting Josephson phase and voltage.

If this is right

  • The AB-phase search reaches g_aγγ min ∼ 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} at m_a ∼ 10^{-10} eV.
  • Projected sensitivity improves existing limits by one to two orders of magnitude in that mass window.
  • A Mach-Zehnder interferometer with rotating magnetic field furnishes a geometric-phase probe of meV-scale axions even if they are not dark matter.
  • In a three-level photon-axion quasiparticle system the Berry phase becomes measurable at THz frequencies and is dominated by the quasiparticle sector.
  • Quantum phase observables in superconducting circuits provide a new framework for axion searches with immediate phenomenological reach.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same phase imprinting could be combined with quantum-enhanced readout techniques to push sensitivity further.
  • The approach may extend to other light particles that couple to electromagnetism through similar effective currents.
  • Tabletop realization would test whether the axion-induced flux remains distinguishable from environmental fluctuations over long observation times.

Load-bearing premise

A coherently oscillating axion dark matter background produces a clean time-dependent magnetic flux inside an rf-SQUID that is not overwhelmed by thermal noise, flux trapping, or Josephson-junction decoherence.

What would settle it

An rf-SQUID experiment that records no voltage signal above background at the frequency corresponding to axion mass 10^{-10} eV after sufficient integration time would rule out the projected sensitivity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.13181 by Michael Spannowsky, Tanmay Kumar Poddar.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic representation of detecting axion-induced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling from the Aharonov-Bohm phase measurement using rf-SQUID loop. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Schematic representation of detecting axion-induced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Schematic representation of detecting axion-induced [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Quantum phase measurements offer a complementary route to axion searches. We show that axion-photon interactions can imprint both Aharonov-Bohm (AB) and Berry phases in experimentally motivated quantum setups. For a coherently oscillating axion dark matter background, the induced effective current generates a time dependent magnetic flux in an rf-SQUID, leading to a measurable voltage signal through the Josephson phase. For representative benchmarks, this AB phase search reaches the minimum axion-photon coupling $g_{a\gamma\gamma}^{\mathrm{min}}\sim 7.8\times10^{-14}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ at axion mass $m_a\sim 10^{-10}~\mathrm{eV}$, with projected sensitivity that can improve on existing limits in that parameter space by roughly one to two orders of magnitude. We also identify a geometric phase observable in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an adiabatically rotating magnetic field, providing a proof-of-principle phase-based probe of meV-scale axions even when they do not constitute the dark matter, although sensitivity on the coupling remains weaker than current bounds with conservative tabletop benchmarks. Extending the analysis to a three level photon-axion quasiparticle (AQP)-axion system, with the AQP realized in a topological magnetic insulator, we find a potentially measurable THz Berry phase dominated by the AQP sector, furnishing a nontrivial validation of the formalism in a richer coupled system. These setups establish quantum phase observables as a useful new framework for axion searches, with immediate phenomenological promise in superconducting circuits and longer term potential in quantum enhanced interferometry.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes using quantum phase observables—specifically Aharonov-Bohm phase shifts induced by axion-photon coupling in an rf-SQUID and Berry phases in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer or three-level axion-quasiparticle system—to search for axions. For coherently oscillating axion dark matter, it derives a time-dependent flux through the SQUID loop that produces a measurable Josephson voltage, projecting a minimum coupling sensitivity of g_aγγ^min ∼ 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} at m_a ∼ 10^{-10} eV that improves existing limits by 1–2 orders of magnitude; a weaker but proof-of-principle Berry-phase signal is also claimed for meV-scale axions and a THz-scale AQP system.

Significance. If the noise and decoherence assumptions hold, the work would establish quantum interferometry in superconducting circuits as a viable new channel for ultra-light axion dark matter, complementary to existing haloscope and helioscope approaches, with immediate experimental accessibility in existing rf-SQUID technology.

major comments (3)
  1. [rf-SQUID analysis / abstract benchmark] The central sensitivity projection (abstract and the rf-SQUID benchmark section) converts the axion-induced effective current directly into flux and Josephson voltage but provides no explicit noise spectral density S_Φ(f), thermal-noise floor, 1/f-noise contribution, or flux-trapping probability at f ≈ 24 kHz; without these the quoted one-to-two-order improvement cannot be verified and rests on the untested assumption that the signal exceeds integrated noise.
  2. [rf-SQUID analysis] The claim that the induced voltage is measurable above background (abstract and SQUID section) omits a systematic-error budget for Josephson-junction decoherence, loop inductance variations, and temperature-dependent critical-current fluctuations; these are load-bearing for the g_aγγ^min figure because any realistic degradation would erase the projected improvement.
  3. [Mach-Zehnder / AQP sections] The Berry-phase calculation for the Mach-Zehnder and AQP systems (later sections) is presented as a proof-of-principle but lacks a quantitative comparison of the phase shift magnitude against realistic interferometer visibility and phase-noise limits, leaving the statement that sensitivity is “weaker than current bounds” without a clear numerical anchor.
minor comments (2)
  1. [SQUID section] Notation for the axion-induced effective current and the conversion to flux should be defined explicitly with an equation number rather than left implicit in the text.
  2. [abstract] The abstract quotes a precise numerical sensitivity (7.8×10^{-14}) without referencing the device parameters (area, inductance, temperature) used to obtain it; a short table or footnote would improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript on axion searches via quantum phase observables. The comments highlight important aspects of noise modeling and quantitative validation that will strengthen the presentation. We address each major comment below and will incorporate the suggested clarifications in the revised version.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [rf-SQUID analysis / abstract benchmark] The central sensitivity projection (abstract and the rf-SQUID benchmark section) converts the axion-induced effective current directly into flux and Josephson voltage but provides no explicit noise spectral density S_Φ(f), thermal-noise floor, 1/f-noise contribution, or flux-trapping probability at f ≈ 24 kHz; without these the quoted one-to-two-order improvement cannot be verified and rests on the untested assumption that the signal exceeds integrated noise.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit noise analysis is required to substantiate the projected sensitivity. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated subsection deriving the flux noise spectral density S_Φ(f) from standard rf-SQUID models, including the thermal-noise floor at typical operating temperatures (∼ 4 K) and an estimate of the 1/f contribution at ∼24 kHz. We will also provide a conservative upper bound on flux-trapping probability drawn from existing SQUID literature and demonstrate that the axion-induced voltage signal remains above the integrated noise for the benchmark parameters, thereby confirming the claimed one-to-two-order improvement under realistic conditions. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [rf-SQUID analysis] The claim that the induced voltage is measurable above background (abstract and SQUID section) omits a systematic-error budget for Josephson-junction decoherence, loop inductance variations, and temperature-dependent critical-current fluctuations; these are load-bearing for the g_aγγ^min figure because any realistic degradation would erase the projected improvement.

    Authors: We acknowledge the need for a systematic-error budget. The revised rf-SQUID section will include quantitative estimates for Josephson-junction decoherence times, loop-inductance variations, and critical-current fluctuations based on published rf-SQUID data. Using conservative values, we will show that these effects introduce at most a factor-of-two degradation in the effective sensitivity, which still leaves the projected g_aγγ^min competitive with existing limits. If the analysis indicates a larger impact, we will adjust the benchmark accordingly and state the revised figure explicitly. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Mach-Zehnder / AQP sections] The Berry-phase calculation for the Mach-Zehnder and AQP systems (later sections) is presented as a proof-of-principle but lacks a quantitative comparison of the phase shift magnitude against realistic interferometer visibility and phase-noise limits, leaving the statement that sensitivity is “weaker than current bounds” without a clear numerical anchor.

    Authors: We agree that a direct numerical comparison will make the proof-of-principle statements more transparent. In the revised Mach-Zehnder and AQP sections we will add explicit calculations comparing the axion-induced Berry phase shift to representative interferometer visibility (∼90 %) and phase-noise floors reported for tabletop Mach-Zehnder and THz AQP devices. These numbers will anchor the statement that the resulting sensitivity remains weaker than current bounds while still demonstrating a measurable phase signal under conservative assumptions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: sensitivity projections are forward calculations from standard axion-photon coupling and phase formulas

full rationale

The central result (g_aγγ^min ∼ 7.8×10^{-14} GeV^{-1} at m_a ∼ 10^{-10} eV) is obtained by applying the axion-photon interaction Lagrangian to a coherently oscillating DM background, computing the induced time-dependent flux through an rf-SQUID loop, and converting to Josephson voltage using standard device parameters and phase relations. This is a parameter-based projection, not a fit to data or a self-referential definition. No load-bearing step reduces to a self-citation chain, fitted input renamed as prediction, or ansatz smuggled via prior work by the same authors. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks (standard QED effective theory and SQUID physics) and does not exhibit any of the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal rests on the standard axion-photon interaction term and established quantum phase effects applied to new device geometries. No new particles, forces, or dimensions are postulated; the numerical reach depends on benchmark choices for device parameters rather than fitted constants.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Axions couple to photons through the interaction term g_aγγ a F F̃
    This standard Lagrangian term is used to derive the effective current and resulting phase shifts from the oscillating axion background.
  • domain assumption Quantum phase shifts (Aharonov-Bohm and Berry) remain measurable in the proposed superconducting and interferometric setups under realistic conditions
    The central sensitivity claims assume that noise and decoherence do not erase the induced phases.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5585 in / 1603 out tokens · 68760 ms · 2026-05-10T14:32:06.341354+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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