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arxiv: 2604.17844 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-20 · 💻 cs.ET

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UAVs as Dynamic Nodes in Communication Networks

Riddhi Apte , Shubhada Gadgil , Gaurav Kasbekar , Rushikesh Patil , Prasanna Chaporkar

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 03:45 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.ET
keywords communicationuavsaerialcommunicationsnetworksrolessurveyaddress
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The pith

UAVs serve multiple dynamic roles in wireless networks, and a novel UAV-Network-in-a-Box architecture is proposed for emergency temporary coverage.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, are being used in modern wireless networks to help with communication. They can act as flying relays to pass signals, as user devices, as base stations that send signals, or as smart surfaces that adjust signals. The paper looks at how to place them, how to build the systems, and how to use artificial intelligence to make them work better. It also considers using different power sources like solar and looks at security problems. As a new idea, the authors suggest a complete network system packed into UAVs that can be quickly sent to areas hit by disasters when normal cell towers are down.

Core claim

As an advancement, we propose a novel UAV-Network-in-a-Box (NIB) architecture for disaster recovery and temporary coverage as an alternative to traditional network infrastructure.

Load-bearing premise

That UAVs can effectively and reliably fulfill multi-mode roles (relays, UE, gNB, RIS) with alternate power sources while addressing security issues in the proposed NIB architecture, without detailed feasibility analysis or validation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.17844 by Gaurav Kasbekar, Prasanna Chaporkar, Riddhi Apte, Rushikesh Patil, Shubhada Gadgil.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Types of UAVs munication networks, integration of evolving technologies with the UAVs, the effects of different power sources on communication payloads to an overview of the physical layer security in the UAV communication modules. A. Objectives and Contributions UAVs in the communications field have gained remarkable advancement in communication technologies, integration with 5G and beyond cellular networ… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Methodology flowchart TABLE II SURVEY METRICS AND KEY OBSERVATIONS Survey Metric Remark Total Papers Reviewed 162 Years Covered 2016–2025 Sources Used IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ACM, arXiv UAV as Communication nodes Relay, UE, Aerial gNB, RIS-mounted Power Systems Li-Po Battery, Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell, Tethered, Hybrid Simulation Studied and Real-world testbeds Evaluation Models Friis E… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Evolution of standards [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Digital Twining using UAV [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: UAV enabled aerial base station results significantly reduce handover delays (21% to 1.2%). In-spite of this, the network can still face challenges due to a sudden increase in network congestion, abrupt geographical terrains. Approach is also assumed to always have an access to accurate, real-time and pre-determined data which is not always possible in a dynamic environment like that of UAVs [61]. Most of … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Multilevel UAV IAB setup the source (origin of the transmitted signal) and the destination (intended recipient). Hindrances can be caused by obstacles, degradation of signals. Adding these intermediate nodes can improve coverage, increasing the reliability, efficiency, and quality of the signal. Popular relaying schemes can be seen as - Amplify and Forward (AF), Decode and Forward (DF), Compress and Forwar… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: UAV as a relay node PUE = PUAV-T + GUE + GUAV + GBS +20 log10 λ1 4πD1  (2) where: • PUE is the received power at the user equipment (UE); • PUAV-T is the transmit power of the UAV; • GUE is the antenna gain of the UE; • GUAV is the antenna gain of the UAV; • GBS is the antenna gain of the base station; • λ1 is the wavelength of the transmitted signal; • D1 is the distance between the UAV and the UE. The … view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: BS-UAV-UE End to End representation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: MTM Resonator Other transfer modes include- Scattering and absorbing modes [100], [101]. The summary of these modes can be seen in Table X. Extending this approach, an UAV integrated with RIS payload offers great flexibility for optimization of parameters of wireless signals. As UAVs are airborne, their elevated positions can increase LoS probability, decrease attenuation from obstacles and enable 3-D posi… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: RIS-UAV System Model Simulations are performed with 5 users randomly placed, UAV flying at 100 meters height, RIS with 20-60 elements, and a MEC server located 400 meters away. Under these circumstances, their results show that UAVs, hovering near high user density areas, experience a higher energy efficiency. Employing more RIS elements can improve signal propaga￾tion. However, their algorithm has limita… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: 3 Node system [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: UAV-enabled IoT Data Collection and Storage [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Example illustration of integration of power source with communication payload [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: UAV-NIB example configurations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: UAV- N3WIF Configuration [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_15.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Driven by the demands of 5G/Beyond 5G and 6G networks, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have surfaced in critical roles for aerial communications. In the present survey, we explore the multi-mode roles of UAVs as relays, User Equipment (UE), gNB and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), along with their deployment scenarios, architectural frameworks, and different communication models incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) configurations. We consider the effects of alternate power sources on the communication payload. The survey also aims to address security issues in the UAV communications. As an advancement, we propose a novel UAV-Network-in-a-Box (NIB) architecture for disaster recovery and temporary coverage as an alternative to traditional network infrastructure.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript surveys UAVs as dynamic nodes in 5G/B5G/6G networks, examining their multi-mode operation as relays, user equipment (UE), gNB, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), along with deployment scenarios, architectural frameworks, AI configurations, alternate power sources, and security considerations. It advances a novel UAV-Network-in-a-Box (NIB) architecture intended for disaster recovery and temporary coverage as an alternative to terrestrial infrastructure.

Significance. The survey compiles a broad literature overview on UAV communication roles and power/security issues, which may serve as a useful reference. The NIB proposal, if supported by subsequent quantitative validation, could contribute to resilient emergency networks by integrating multiple functions on a single mobile platform. At present the work remains descriptive and does not yet demonstrate the claimed practicality.

major comments (3)
  1. [NIB proposal section] NIB architecture proposal: the assertion that a single UAV can serve as a practical alternative to traditional infrastructure is not supported by any system-level block diagram, interface specification, or resource-sharing analysis showing how gNB, relay, RIS, and UE modes coexist on the same RF chain, compute platform, and battery under realistic loads.
  2. [Effects of alternate power sources] Power sources discussion: although alternate power sources are reviewed, the manuscript supplies no power-budget equation, link-budget calculation, or endurance estimate that incorporates disaster-scenario factors such as wind loading, temperature extremes, or simultaneous multi-mode RF transmission.
  3. [Security issues in UAV communications] Security section: the treatment of UAV security issues does not include a threat model specific to the physically exposed, mobile gNB component of the proposed NIB, leaving questions of physical tampering, jamming, or key distribution unaddressed.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and introduction] The abstract and introduction could more explicitly separate the survey synthesis from the novel NIB claim to clarify the paper's contributions.
  2. [Figures and tables] Figure captions and table headings should be expanded to indicate whether they summarize prior work or present new analysis.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our survey manuscript. We agree that the NIB proposal, power analysis, and security discussion would benefit from additional detail to better support the conceptual claims. As a survey paper, our revisions will focus on clarifications, high-level diagrams, and literature-based enhancements rather than new quantitative simulations. We address each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [NIB proposal section] NIB architecture proposal: the assertion that a single UAV can serve as a practical alternative to traditional infrastructure is not supported by any system-level block diagram, interface specification, or resource-sharing analysis showing how gNB, relay, RIS, and UE modes coexist on the same RF chain, compute platform, and battery under realistic loads.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the NIB is presented conceptually without detailed engineering specifications. The manuscript is a survey that proposes the architecture as a high-level integration of UAV roles for disaster recovery. In revision, we will add a high-level system block diagram illustrating mode coexistence and a qualitative discussion of resource sharing across RF, compute, and power domains. Full interface specifications and load-specific analysis under realistic conditions exceed the scope of a survey and are identified as future work. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Effects of alternate power sources] Power sources discussion: although alternate power sources are reviewed, the manuscript supplies no power-budget equation, link-budget calculation, or endurance estimate that incorporates disaster-scenario factors such as wind loading, temperature extremes, or simultaneous multi-mode RF transmission.

    Authors: The power section reviews literature on alternate sources and their general effects. We agree that explicit equations and scenario-specific estimates are missing. The revised version will include representative power-budget equations and endurance estimates based on published UAV studies, with qualitative discussion of disaster factors such as wind loading, temperature, and multi-mode transmission. Detailed link-budget calculations for all combinations remain outside the survey's remit and will be noted as requiring dedicated follow-on analysis. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Security issues in UAV communications] Security section: the treatment of UAV security issues does not include a threat model specific to the physically exposed, mobile gNB component of the proposed NIB, leaving questions of physical tampering, jamming, or key distribution unaddressed.

    Authors: We will expand the security section to incorporate a dedicated threat model for the NIB's mobile gNB role. This addition will explicitly address physical tampering risks due to UAV exposure, jamming vulnerabilities on aerial platforms, and key-distribution challenges in dynamic, infrastructure-less settings, while linking these to the broader security issues already surveyed. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: descriptive survey with no equations or self-referential predictions

full rationale

The manuscript is a literature survey on UAV roles (relays, UE, gNB, RIS) plus a high-level proposal for a UAV-Network-in-a-Box architecture. No derivation chains, equations, fitted parameters, or quantitative models appear anywhere in the text. The NIB proposal is asserted as an advancement without any internal reduction to prior results, self-citations, or ansatzes; it simply extrapolates from the surveyed material. Because no load-bearing step reduces to its own inputs by construction, the circularity score is zero.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 1 invented entities

This is a survey paper that draws from prior literature on UAV communications. The novel contribution is the conceptual NIB architecture, which is postulated without independent evidence or derivation in the abstract.

invented entities (1)
  • UAV-Network-in-a-Box (NIB) no independent evidence
    purpose: Alternative to traditional network infrastructure for disaster recovery and temporary coverage
    Introduced as a novel architecture in the abstract but without any falsifiable predictions, implementation details, or external validation provided.

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Reference graph

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